{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:23:44Z","timestamp":1793294624101,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep and physical performance are strongly related and mutually influence each other. Athletes, particularly in disciplines like offshore sailing and ultra-endurance sports, often suffer from sleep deprivation due to factors like irregular training times, travel, and the extended duration of events like 100-mile mountain races. Despite growing interest in sleep\u2019s role in sports science, few studies have specifically investigated the sleep patterns of ultramarathon runners. This study aimed to investigate sleep patterns and sleep management strategies in ultramarathons, and the repercussions of sleep deprivation during and after races.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study using e-survey was conducted on 1154 runners from two ultramarathons (a 165\u00a0km race with 9,576\u00a0m positive elevation; 2018 finish time [23:18:48\u201366:04:00], and a 111\u00a0km race with 6,433\u00a0m elevation; [15:34:56\u2009\u2212\u200941:54:16]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results revealed that 58% of the runners reported implementing sleep management strategies before or during the race. Most runners began the race with some level of sleep debt (-50\u00a0min a week before the race). During the races, 77% of runners slept, with the cumulative sleep duration varying based on race duration and the number of nights spent on the race (76\u00a0min at 165\u00a0km and 27\u00a0min at 111\u00a0km). Short naps lasting less than 30\u00a0min were the most popular strategy. The prevalence of symptoms attributed to sleep deprivation during the race was high (80%), with reported falls and hallucinations. After the race, runners reported recovering a normal state of wakefulness relatively quickly (within two days); 22% believed that sleep deprivation during the race increased the risk of accidents in everyday life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides valuable insights into sleep patterns and strategies in ultramarathon running and emphasizes the importance of adequate sleep management for performance and post-race recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00704-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T18:01:28Z","timestamp":1712599288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sleep and Ultramarathon: Exploring Patterns, Strategies, and Repercussions of 1,154 Mountain Ultramarathons Finishers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Kishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume Y","family":"Millet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Desplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lemarchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9853-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bouscaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"704_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0","volume":"45","author":"HHK Fullagar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fullagar HHK, Skorski S, Duffield R, Hammes D, Coutts AJ, Meyer T. Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 2015;45(2):161\u201386.","journal-title":"Sports Med Auckl NZ"},{"issue":"5","key":"704_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194705","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194705","volume":"13","author":"T Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin T, Arnal PJ, Hoffman MD, Millet GY. Sleep habits and strategies of ultramarathon runners. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(5):e0194705.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"704_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.11.009","volume":"87","author":"JPR Scott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scott JPR, McNaughton LR, Polman RCJ. Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on cognitive, motor performance and mood. Physiol Behav. 2006;87(2):396\u2013408.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"704_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.07.033","volume":"180","author":"AB Slutsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Slutsky AB, Diekfuss JA, Janssen JA, Berry NT, Shih CH, Raisbeck LD, et al. The effects of low-intensity cycling on cognitive performance following sleep deprivation. Physiol Behav. 2017;180:25\u201330.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"704_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.960883","volume":"33","author":"R Hurdiel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hurdiel R, Pez\u00e9 T, Daugherty J, Girard J, Poussel M, Poletti L, et al. Combined effects of sleep deprivation and strenuous exercise on cognitive performances during the North Face\u00ae Ultra Trail Du Mont Blanc\u00ae (UTMB\u00ae). J Sports Sci. 2015;33(7):670\u20134.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"704_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31820abc5a","volume":"43","author":"M Skein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Skein M, Duffield R, Edge J, Short MJ, M\u00fcndel T. Intermittent-sprint performance and muscle glycogen after 30\u00a0h of sleep deprivation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1301\u201311.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"704_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.3.311","volume":"32","author":"TL Rupp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rupp TL, Wesensten NJ, Bliese PD, Balkin TJ. Banking Sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery. Sleep. 2009;32(3):311\u201321.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"12","key":"704_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5244","volume":"38","author":"PJ Arnal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arnal PJ, Sauvet F, Leger D, van Beers P, Bayon V, Bougard C, et al. Benefits of Sleep Extension on sustained attention and sleep pressure before and during total sleep deprivation and recovery. Sleep. 2015;38(12):1935\u201343.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"8","key":"704_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000925","volume":"48","author":"PJ Arnal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arnal PJ, Lapole T, Erblang M, Guillard M, Bourrilhon C, L\u00e9ger D, et al. Sleep extension before sleep loss: effects on performance and neuromuscular function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(8):1595\u2013603.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"704_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.08.035","volume":"151","author":"J Schwartz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwartz J, Simon RD. Sleep extension improves serving accuracy: a study with college varsity tennis players. Physiol Behav. 2015;151:541\u20134.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"704_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1132","volume":"34","author":"CD Mah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mah CD, Mah KE, Kezirian EJ, Dement WC. The effects of Sleep Extension on the Athletic Performance of Collegiate Basketball Players. Sleep. 2011;34(7):943\u201350.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"8","key":"704_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0905-3103","volume":"40","author":"KC Vitale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vitale KC, Owens R, Hopkins SR, Malhotra A. Sleep Hygiene for optimizing recovery in athletes: review and recommendations. Int J Sports Med. 2019;40(8):535\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"704_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron P, Hermand \u00c9, Elsworth-Edelsten C, Pez\u00e9 T, Bourlois V, Mauvieux B et al. Sleep and subjective recovery in amateur trail runners after the ultra-trail du Mont Blanc\u00ae (UTMB\u00ae). J Sci Sport Exerc. 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42978-021-00154-w"},{"issue":"4","key":"704_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3565-5","volume":"117","author":"DE Rae","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rae DE, Chin T, Dikgomo K, Hill L, McKune AJ, Kohn TA, et al. One night of partial sleep deprivation impairs recovery from a single exercise training session. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(4):699\u2013712.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"704_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002137","volume":"52","author":"M D\u00e1ttilo","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u00e1ttilo M, Antunes HKM, Galbes NMN, M\u00f4nico-Neto M, DE S\u00e1 Souza H, Dos Santos Quaresma MVL, et al. Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Acute skeletal muscle recovery after Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(2):507\u201314.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"704_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.957306","volume":"31","author":"C Sargent","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sargent C, Lastella M, Halson SL, Roach GD. The impact of training schedules on the sleep and fatigue of elite athletes. Chronobiol Int. 2014;31(10):1160\u20138.","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"704_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.02.007","volume":"18","author":"LE Juliff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Juliff LE, Halson SL, Peiffer JJ. Understanding sleep disturbance in athletes prior to important competitions. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(1):13\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"7","key":"704_CR18","first-page":"792","volume":"12","author":"DJ Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller DJ, Bianchi D, Lastella M. Running on empty: self-reported Sleep\/Wake Behaviour during Ultra-marathon events exceeding 100 Miles. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2022;12(7):792\u2013801.","journal-title":"Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"704_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19053006","volume":"19","author":"D Bianchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bianchi D, Miller DJ, Lastella M. Sleep\u2013wake behaviour of 200-Mile Ultra-marathon competitors: a Case Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5):3006.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"704_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0230","volume":"17","author":"C Gattoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gattoni C, Girardi M, O\u2019Neill BV, Maria Marcora S. Sleep deprivation training to reduce the negative effects of Sleep loss on endurance performance: a single case study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(3):499\u2013503.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"3","key":"704_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2015.1040916","volume":"23","author":"M Poussel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poussel M, Laroppe J, Hurdiel R, Girard J, Poletti L, Thil C, et al. Sleep Management Strategy and Performance in an Extreme Mountain Ultra-marathon. Res Sports Med Print. 2015;23(3):330\u20136.","journal-title":"Res Sports Med Print"},{"issue":"4","key":"704_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2018.1492401","volume":"26","author":"R Hurdiel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hurdiel R, Riedy SM, Millet GP, Mauvieux B, Pez\u00e9 T, Elsworth-Edelsten C, et al. Cognitive performance and self-reported sleepiness are modulated by time-of-day during a mountain ultramarathon. Res Sports Med. 2018;26(4):482\u20139.","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"704_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094612","volume":"18","author":"AR Teece","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teece AR, Argus CK, Gill N, Beaven M, Dunican IC, Driller MW. Sleep and performance during a preseason in Elite Rugby Union athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4612.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"704_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13393","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13393","volume":"30","author":"DT Edgar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edgar DT, Gill ND, Beaven CM, Zaslona JL, Driller MW. Sleep duration and physical performance during a 6-week military training course. J Sleep Res. 2021;30(6):e13393.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"704_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh NP, Halson SL, Sargent C, Roach GD, N\u00e9d\u00e9lec M, Gupta L et al. Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. Br J Sports Med. 2020;bjsports-2020-102025.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102025"},{"issue":"2","key":"704_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12371","volume":"25","author":"AA Borb\u00e9ly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borb\u00e9ly AA, Daan S, Wirz-Justice A, Deboer T. The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res. 2016;25(2):131\u201343.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"704_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2018.02.003","volume":"5","author":"T Deboer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deboer T. Sleep homeostasis and the circadian clock: do the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat influence each other\u2019s functioning? Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms. 2018;5:68\u201377.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms"},{"issue":"5","key":"704_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01418-1","volume":"51","author":"CT Viljoen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Viljoen CT, van Janse DC, Verhagen E, van Mechelen W, Tom\u00e1s R, Schoeman M, et al. Epidemiology of Injury and Illness among Trail runners: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2021;51(5):917\u201343.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"704_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S312808","volume":"13","author":"C Hao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hao C, Li M, Luo W, Ma N. Dissociation of subjective and objective alertness during prolonged wakefulness. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021;13:923\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"704_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00924.x","volume":"21","author":"X Zhou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhou X, Ferguson SA, Matthews RW, Sargent C, Darwent D, Kennaway DJ, et al. Mismatch between subjective alertness and objective performance under sleep restriction is greatest during the biological night. J Sleep Res. 2012;21(1):40\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"704_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17059","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017059","volume":"6","author":"GY Millet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Millet GY, Tomazin K, Verges S, Vincent C, Bonnefoy R, Boisson RC, et al. Neuromuscular consequences of an extreme mountain ultra-marathon. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(2):e17059.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"704_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002303","volume":"52","author":"T Besson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Besson T, Rossi J\u00e9 LE, Roux Mallouf T, Marechal M, Doutreleau S, Verges S, et al. Fatigue and recovery after single-stage versus Multistage Ultramarathon running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(8):1691\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"704_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1025-7","volume":"16","author":"DJ Gottlieb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gottlieb DJ, Ellenbogen JM, Bianchi MT, Czeisler CA. Sleep deficiency and motor vehicle crash risk in the general population: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):44.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"704_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tefft BC. Acute sleep deprivation and culpable motor vehicle crash involvement. Sleep. 2018;41(10).","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy144"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00704-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00704-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00704-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T18:05:20Z","timestamp":1712599520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sportsmedicine-open.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00704-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00704-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3662113\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2198-9761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-9761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Clinical Research and Innovation Department of Reunion University Hospital (reference 3408030719) and the Grand Raid Reunion medical board. All the runners gave their consent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"34"}}