{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:05:23Z","timestamp":1791936323438,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Emerging research has suggested sleep to be a modifier of the trajectory of concussion recovery in adolescent and adult populations. Despite the growing recognition of the relationship between sleep and concussion, the mechanisms and physiological processes governing this association have yet to be established.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Main Body<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Following a concussion, a pathophysiologic cascade of events occurs, characterized by numerous factors including microglia activation, ionic imbalance, and release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Importantly, each of these factors plays a role in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Therefore, dysregulation of sleep following injury may be a function of the diffuse disruption of cerebral functioning in the wake of both axonal damage and secondary physiological events. As the onset of sleep-related symptoms is highly variable following a concussion, clinicians should be aware of when and how these symptoms present. Post-injury changes in sleep have been reported in the acute, sub-acute, and chronic phases of recovery and can prolong symptom resolution, affect neurocognitive performance, and influence mood state. Though these changes support sleep as a modifier of recovery, limited guidance exists for clinicians or their patients in the management of sleep after concussion. This may be attributed to the fact that research has correlated sleep with concussion recovery but has failed to explain why the correlation exists. Sleep is a complex, multifactorial process and the changes seen in sleep that are seen following concussion are the result of interactions amongst numerous processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Short Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The assessment and management of sleep by identifying and considering the biological, sociological, and psychological interactions of this multifactorial process will allow for clinicians to address the dynamic nature of changes in sleep following concussion.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00736-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T22:01:25Z","timestamp":1717970485000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Concussion and the Sleeping Brain"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0071-2055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine C.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-3197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob E.","family":"Resch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"736_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","volume":"51","author":"P McCrory","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):838\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.11.023","volume":"10","author":"N Gosselin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gosselin N, Lassonde M, Petit D, et al. Sleep following sport-related concussions. Sleep Med. 2009;10(1):35\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.11.023.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"736_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoffman NL, Weber ML, Broglio SP, et al. Influence of Postconcussion Sleep Duration on Concussion Recovery in Collegiate athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2020;Publish Ahead of Print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000538.","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000538"},{"key":"736_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.09.018","volume":"54","author":"AC Raikes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raikes AC, Satterfield BC, Killgore WDS. Evidence of actigraphic and subjective sleep disruption following mild traumatic brain injury. Sleep Med. 2019;54:62\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.09.018.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"736_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.005","volume":"99","author":"DL Murdaugh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murdaugh DL, Ono KE, Reisner A, Burns TG. Assessment of Sleep Quantity and Sleep disturbances during Recovery from sports-related concussion in Youth athletes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(5):960\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.005.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"736_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1643921","volume":"33","author":"SW Tham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tham SW, Aaron R, Palermo TM. The role of Sleep Deficiency in the trajectory of postconcussive symptoms in adolescents. Brain Inj. 2019;33(11):1413\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699052.2019.1643921.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"11","key":"736_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819849741","volume":"34","author":"JS Chung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chung JS, Zynda AJ, Didehbani N, et al. Association between Sleep Quality and Recovery following Sport-Related Concussion in Pediatrics. J Child Neurol. 2019;34(11):639\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073819849741.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"736_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.23.2.jnp201","volume":"23","author":"V Rao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rao V, Bergey A, Hill H, Efron D, McCann U. Sleep disturbance after mild traumatic brain injury: indicator of injury? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;23(2):201\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.23.2.jnp201.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"736_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3559","volume":"32","author":"SW Tham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tham SW, Fales J, Palermo TM. Subjective and Objective Assessment of Sleep in adolescents with mild traumatic brain Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(11):847\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2014.3559.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"736_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514560727","volume":"43","author":"RO Kostyun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kostyun RO, Milewski MD, Hafeez I. Sleep disturbance and neurocognitive function during the recovery from a Sport-related concussion in adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(3):633\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546514560727.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"736_CR11","unstructured":"Colten HR, Altevogt BM, Research I, of M (US). C on SM and. Sleep Physiology. National Academies Press (US); 2006. Accessed January 31, 2021. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK19956\/."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"736_CR12","first-page":"A37","volume":"75","author":"P Achermann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Achermann P. The two-process model of sleep regulation revisited. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004;75(3 Suppl):A37\u201343.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"736_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/074873099129000894","volume":"14","author":"AA Borb\u00e9ly","year":"1999","unstructured":"Borb\u00e9ly AA, Achermann P. Sleep homeostasis and models of sleep regulation. J Biol Rhythms. 1999;14(6):557\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/074873099129000894.","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"Suppl 16","key":"736_CR14","first-page":"4","volume":"65","author":"JM Siegel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siegel JM. The neurotransmitters of Sleep. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(Suppl 16):4\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908787386050","volume":"6","author":"JRL Schwartz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schwartz JRL, Roth T. Neurophysiology of Sleep and Wakefulness: Basic Science and Clinical implications. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008;6(4):367\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157015908787386050.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"736_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16661202","volume":"37","author":"I Lundgaard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lundgaard I, Lu ML, Yang E, et al. Glymphatic clearance controls state-dependent changes in brain lactate concentration. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017;37(6):2112\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X16661202.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"736_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patricios JS, Schneider KJ, Dvorak J et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport\u2013Amsterdam, October 2022. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(11):695\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106898.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106898"},{"issue":"3","key":"736_CR18","first-page":"228","volume":"36","author":"CC Giza","year":"2001","unstructured":"Giza CC, Hovda DA. The Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion. J Athl Train. 2001;36(3):228\u201335.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"0 4","key":"736_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000505","volume":"75","author":"CC Giza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giza CC, Hovda DA. The New Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion. Neurosurgery. 2014;75(0 4):S24\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000505.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"736_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muzio L, Viotti A, Martino G. Microglia in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration: From Understanding to Therapy. Front Neurosci. 2021;15. Accessed March 15, 2023. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.742065.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.742065"},{"key":"736_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104943","volume":"143","author":"S Sugama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sugama S, Kakinuma Y. Noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in modulating microglial activation in stress response. Neurochem Int. 2021;143:104943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104943.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02825-4","volume":"4","author":"S Garbarino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garbarino S, Lanteri P, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N, Scoditti E. Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):1304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-021-02825-4.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"736_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.03.016","volume":"108","author":"R Mehta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mehta R, Singh S, Khanday MA, Mallick BN. Reciprocal changes in noradrenaline and GABA levels in discrete brain regions upon rapid eye movement sleep deprivation in rats. Neurochem Int. 2017;108:190\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.03.016.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-020-00222-1","volume":"11","author":"R Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta R, Giri S, Mallick BN. REM sleep loss\u2013induced elevated noradrenaline could predispose an individual to psychosomatic disorders: a review focused on proposal for prediction, prevention, and personalized treatment. EPMA J. 2020;11(4):529\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13167-020-00222-1.","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"736_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00250","volume":"11","author":"A Nadjar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nadjar A, Wigren HKM, Tremblay ME. Roles of Microglial phagocytosis and inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of Sleep disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017;11:250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2017.00250.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"21","key":"736_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.458901","volume":"288","author":"S Gyoneva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gyoneva S, Traynelis SF. Norepinephrine modulates the motility of resting and activated Microglia via different adrenergic receptors *. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(21):15291\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M113.458901.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"736_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00211-3","volume":"43","author":"K Mori","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mori K, Ozaki E, Zhang B, et al. Effects of norepinephrine on rat cultured microglial cells that express \u03b11, \u03b12, \u03b21 and \u03b22 adrenergic receptors. Neuropharmacology. 2002;43(6):1026\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00211-3.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"736_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000183062.98665.6b","volume":"11","author":"F Kapsimalis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kapsimalis F, Richardson G, Opp MR, Kryger M. Cytokines and normal sleep. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005;11(6):481\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mcp.0000183062.98665.6b.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"736_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0303-7207(02)00014-x","volume":"188","author":"S Jeay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jeay S, Sonenshein GE, Postel-Vinay MC, Kelly PA, Baixeras E. Growth hormone can act as a cytokine controlling survival and proliferation of immune cells: new insights into signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002;188(1\u20132):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0303-7207(02)00014-x.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05826.x","volume":"933","author":"JM Krueger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krueger JM, Ob\u00e1l F Jr., Fang J, Kubota T, Taishi P. The role of cytokines in physiological sleep regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;933(1):211\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05826.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"736_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6","volume":"40","author":"NA Jessen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jessen NA, Munk ASF, Lundgaard I, Nedergaard M. The Glymphatic system \u2013 a beginner\u2019s guide. Neurochem Res. 2015;40(12):2583\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"736_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0799-4","volume":"23","author":"J Piantino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piantino J, Lim MM, Newgard CD, Iliff J. Linking traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep disruption and post-traumatic headache: a potential role for glymphatic pathway dysfunction. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(9):62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-019-0799-4.","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"736_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eide PK, Vinje V, Pripp AH, Mardal KA, Ringstad G. Sleep deprivation impairs molecular clearance from the human brain | Brain | Oxford Academic. Accessed May 5, 2021. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/144\/3\/863\/6214917?login=true.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa443"},{"key":"736_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piantino J, Schwartz DL, Luther M et al. Link between mild traumatic brain Injury, Poor Sleep, and magnetic resonance imaging: visible perivascular spaces in Veterans. J Neurotrauma. Published online April 20, 2021:neu.2020.7447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2020.7447.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7447"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20190131","volume":"13","author":"D Borba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borba D, de Reis A, de Lima RS. How many days are needed for a reliable assessment by the Sleep Diary? Sleep Sci. 2020;13(1):49\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/1984-0063.20190131.","journal-title":"Sleep Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"736_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031082","volume":"18","author":"M Fabbri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fabbri M, Beracci A, Martoni M, Meneo D, Tonetti L, Natale V. Measuring subjective sleep quality: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(3):1082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18031082.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"736_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez V, Silva J, Cauli O. A survey on sleep assessment methods. PeerJ. 2018;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.4849.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4849"},{"issue":"5","key":"736_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200105000-00003","volume":"80","author":"NL Fichtenberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fichtenberg NL, Putnam SH, Mann NR, Zafonte RD, Millard AE. Insomnia screening in Postacute Traumatic Brain Injury: Utility and Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80(5):339\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"736_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.26093","volume":"82","author":"BE Masel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Masel BE, Scheibel RS, Kimbark T, Kuna ST. Excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with brain injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(11):1526\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2001.26093.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"736_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2021.1906949","volume":"35","author":"D Toccalino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Toccalino D, Wiseman-Hakes C, Zalai DM. Preliminary validation of the Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire as an Outcome measure for Sleep following Brain Injury. Brain Inj. 2021;35(7):743\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699052.2021.1906949.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6384","volume":"13","author":"K Aili","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aili K, \u00c5str\u00f6m-Paulsson S, Stoetzer U, Svartengren M, Hillert L. Reliability of actigraphy and subjective sleep measurements in adults: the design of Sleep assessments. J Clin Sleep Med JCSM off Publ Am Acad Sleep Med. 2017;13(1):39\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.6384.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med JCSM off Publ Am Acad Sleep Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"736_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3142","volume":"36","author":"M Marino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marino M, Li Y, Rueschman MN, et al. Measuring sleep: Accuracy, Sensitivity, and specificity of wrist actigraphy compared to Polysomnography. Sleep. 2013;36(11):1747\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.3142.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"736_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2015.1046356","volume":"13","author":"S Ancoli-Israel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ancoli-Israel S, Martin JL, Blackwell T, et al. The SBSM Guide to Actigraphy Monitoring: clinical and Research Applications. Behav Sleep Med. 2015;13(Suppl 1):S4\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15402002.2015.1046356.","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"key":"736_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoffman NL, O\u2019Connor PJ, Schmidt MD, Lynall RC, Schmidt JD. Differences in sleep between concussed and nonconcussed college students: a matched case\u2013control study. Sleep. 2019;42(zsy222). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsy222.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy222"},{"issue":"9","key":"736_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.06.007","volume":"112","author":"HY Chiu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chiu HY, Chen PY, Chen NH, Chuang LP, Tsai PS. Trajectories of sleep changes during the acute phase of traumatic brain injury: a 7-day actigraphy study. J Formos Med Assoc Taiwan Yi Zhi. 2013;112(9):545\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.06.007.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc Taiwan Yi Zhi"},{"issue":"12","key":"736_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6314","volume":"39","author":"AC Raikes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raikes AC, Schaefer SY. Sleep quantity and quality during Acute Concussion: a pilot study. Sleep. 2016;39(12):2141\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.6314.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"736_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64032-1.00025-4","author":"JV Rundo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rundo JV, Downey R. Chapter 25 - Polysomnography. In: Levin KH, Chauvel P, editors. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Volume 160. Elsevier; 2019. pp. 381\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-64032-1.00025-4. Clinical Neurophysiology: Basis and Technical Aspects."},{"key":"736_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.02.021","volume":"34","author":"T Mollayeva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mollayeva T, Colantonio A, Cassidy JD, Vernich L, Moineddin R, Shapiro CM. Sleep stage distribution in persons with mild traumatic brain injury: a polysomnographic study according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine standards. Sleep Med. 2017;34:179\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.02.021.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.002","volume":"16","author":"C Arbour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arbour C, Khoury S, Lavigne GJ, et al. Are NREM sleep characteristics associated to subjective sleep complaints after mild traumatic brain injury? Sleep Med. 2015;16(4):534\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.002.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"736_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114409","volume":"274","author":"TB Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams TB, Badariotti JI, Corbett J, et al. The effects of sleep deprivation, acute hypoxia, and exercise on cognitive performance: a multi-experiment combined stressors study. Physiol Behav. 2024;274:114409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114409.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"21","key":"736_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002697","volume":"86","author":"LL Imbach","year":"2016","unstructured":"Imbach LL, B\u00fcchele F, Valko PO, et al. Sleep\u2013wake disorders persist 18 months after traumatic brain injury but remain underrecognized. Neurology. 2016;86(21):1945\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002697.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"736_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.04.014","volume":"9","author":"S Schreiber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schreiber S, Barkai G, Gur-Hartman T, et al. Long-lasting sleep patterns of adult patients with minor traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and non-mTBI subjects. Sleep Med. 2008;9(5):481\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.04.014.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"736_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1997.14.549","volume":"14","author":"LC Parsons","year":"1997","unstructured":"Parsons LC, Crosby LJ, Perlis M, Britt T, Jones P. Longitudinal sleep EEG power spectral analysis studies in adolescents with minor head injury. J Neurotrauma. 1997;14(8):549\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.1997.14.549.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"736_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094332","volume":"50","author":"C Samuels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samuels C, James L, Lawson D, Meeuwisse W. The Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: a new tool for assessing and managing sleep in elite athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(7):418\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094332.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"736_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513510389","volume":"42","author":"DJ McClure","year":"2014","unstructured":"McClure DJ, Zuckerman SL, Kutscher SJ, Gregory AJ, Solomon GS. Baseline neurocognitive testing in sports-related concussions: the importance of a prior night\u2019s sleep. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(2):472\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546513510389.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"736_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mihalik J, Lengas E, Register-Mihalik J, Oyama S, Begalle R, Guskiewicz K. The effects of Sleep Quality and Sleep Quantity on Concussion Baseline Assessment. Clin J Sport Med off J Can Acad Sport Med. 2013;23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318295a834.","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318295a834"},{"issue":"14","key":"736_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922816681603","volume":"56","author":"H Bramley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bramley H, Henson A, Lewis MM, Kong L, Stetter C, Silvis M. Sleep disturbance following concussion is a risk factor for a prolonged recovery. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2017;56(14):1280\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0009922816681603.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"5","key":"736_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073818824000","volume":"34","author":"DR Howell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howell DR, Oldham JR, Brilliant AN, Meehan WP. Trouble falling asleep after concussion is Associated with higher Symptom Burden among children and adolescents. J Child Neurol. 2019;34(5):256\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073818824000.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"0","key":"736_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2020.1788563","volume":"0","author":"K Brustman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brustman K, Eagle SR, Mucha A, Trbovich A, Collins MW, Kontos AP. Association of sleep symptoms with mood and vestibular subtypes following sport-related concussion. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2020;0(0):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21622965.2020.1788563.","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00736-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00736-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00736-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T22:07:57Z","timestamp":1717970877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sportsmedicine-open.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00736-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00736-2","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2198-9761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-9761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors consent to the publication of this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"CCD reports receipt of honorarium and travel costs from the Virginia Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association (VATA 2021). JER has received funding from the Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"68"}}