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However, their use has become widespread since the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, and knowledge of their effects would seem to be an essential starting point before any clinical or socio-economic considerations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our objectives were to determine intra- and inter-subject sprinting performance modifications with Nike<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> AFT spikes (NAS) compared to standard spiked-shoes (SS).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Healthy regional to national sprint athletes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921, \u2265 750 pts World Athletics) performed 16 repetitions of 30-m sprints with either the NAS or SS condition during a single session, based on the multiple N-of-1 method, with pairwise randomisation and double-blind procedure. Time on 30-m sprints (Stalker radar), force-velocity profile (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>RF<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>RF<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>FVP slope<\/jats:italic>), and confounding factors (wind and shoe mass) were measured. Statistical analyses included a mixed linear regression model for group analyses, and randomisation test inversion and non-overlap-of-all-pair (NAP) methods for intra-individual analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>NAS improved 30-m time by a mean of \u2212 0.02\u00a0s (SMD\u2009=\u20090.4, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014), with no interaction with any confounding factors. Significant changes were seen in velocity (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> : SMD\u2009=\u20090.9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>: SMD\u2009=\u20090.7, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and the horizontal ratio of force (<jats:italic>RF<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>: SMD\u2009=\u20090.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043), with no changes observed in force production. Whatever the footwear, one unit of positive wind (+\u20091\u00a0m.s<jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup> ) improved performance by \u2212 0.03\u00a0s (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). At an individual level, four athletes improved (NAP \u2265 0.69), and one had a statistical decrease in performance. Changes in <jats:italic>F-V<\/jats:italic> profiles were largely individual.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A positive effect on sprint acceleration characteristics was observed when using Nike<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> AFT spikes, due to an increase in velocity and the horizontal ratio of force. A major variability in inter-individual response justifies single-case experimental designs for research on the topic.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial Registration Number<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>NCT05881148.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00758-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T16:02:59Z","timestamp":1725033779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Advanced Footwear Technology Spikes on Sprint Acceleration: A Multiple N-of-1 Trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5577-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bernuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Laujac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cedric","family":"Sirial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Auffret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Preda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Slawinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Millot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Pradon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4206-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure","family":"Coudrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6806-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Gavarry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"758_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0283-6","volume":"45","author":"JT Fuller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fuller JT, Bellenger CR, Thewlis D, Tsiros MD, Buckley JD. 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