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Sixty-seven participants (rugby\u2009=\u200941 (26 adults: 27.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094.4 years; 15 youth: 16.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 years; control\u2009=\u200926 (11 adult: 30.5\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2 years; 15 youth: 16.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 years) completed fNIRS assessments at pre, mid and end-season. Eight players (five youth, three adult) sustained concussions, and completed fNIRS and the Graded Symptom Checklist from the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool version 5 (SCAT5) assessment throughout the GRTP period. Mixed linear models were utilised to assess the effect of group and time on fNIRS measures of oxyhaemoglobin (\u2206O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Hb) and deoxyhaemoglobin (\u2206HHb) during performance tasks. Typical Error (TE) i.e., normal biological fluctuation and measurement error, was calculated to identify \u2018cut-off\u2019 thresholds for identifying effects of concussion.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There were significant differences in fNIRS indices over time in adult and youth groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) but no significant differences between rugby and control groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Seven out of eight (87.5%) concussed players showed changes greater than TE during the GRTP period for both \u2206O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Hb and \u2206HHb during performance tasks and these players\u2019 \u2206O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Hb profiles had not returned to within \u2018normal\u2019 levels within the GRTP period. All players\u2019 symptom severity and number returned to normal within the GRTP period.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Current GRTP protocols alone are problematic and there is a need for a more individualised approach to concussion management, utilising objective biomarker tools such as fNIRS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00849-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:00:50Z","timestamp":1746183650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cerebral Haemodynamic Assessment Following Sport-related Concussion (Mild Traumatic Brain Injury) in Youth and Amateur Rugby Union Players"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5385-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Jamalifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Waterworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Rogerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Andreu-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Perrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotpal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Neary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris E.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"849_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patricios JS, Schneider KJ, Dvorak J, Ahmed OH, Blauwet C, Cantu RC et al. 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