{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:12:27Z","timestamp":1793319147250,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012041","name":"Versus Arthritis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Currently, there is a paucity of long-term health data for retired athletes. This study describes the prevalence of common morbidities and multimorbidity among retired Great Britain\u2019s (GB) Olympic athletes, compared to a general population comparator group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A cross-sectional study of retired athletes was undertaken. The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) served as the reference population. Age- and sex-standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) and odd ratios (ORs) determined where morbidity and multimorbidity prevalence amongst retired athletes exceeded or were inferior to those of the reference population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Retired athletes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009493) were less likely (SMR\u2009&lt;\u20091) than controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098024) to report diabetes (0.43, 99% CI 0.22, 0.74), stroke (0.39, 99% CI 0.12, 0.90), obesity (0.35, 99% CI 0.23, 0.50), asthma (0.29, 99% CI 0.12, 0.59), lung disease (0.29, 99% CI 0.06, 0.81), angina (0.18, 99% CI 0.05, 0.46), and eye disorders (0.06, 99% CI 0.01, 0.18). In addition, abnormal heart rhythm (0.45, 99% CI 0.40, 0.54) and osteoporosis (0.46, 99% CI 0.42, 0.51) were lower in female athletes. Retired athletes were more likely (SMR\u2009&gt;\u20091) than controls to report melanoma or other skin cancer (5.64, 99% CI 2.80, 10.06) and osteoarthritis (1.44, 99% CI 1.18, 1.75). There were no differences detected in cancers of the breast, prostate, colon, bowel or bladder. Multimorbidity was less prevalent among retired athletes (OR 0.50, 99% CI 0.38, 0.67).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Retired athletes had superior cardiovascular health and a lower risk of multimorbidity, but were more at risk of melanoma or other skin cancer and osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00897-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T10:25:40Z","timestamp":1754562340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Health among Retired Great Britain\u2019s Olympic Athletes: A cross-sectional Study of Disease and Multimorbidity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9815-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale J.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1816-1676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"897_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104762","volume":"56","author":"D Palmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palmer D, Cooper D, Whittaker JL, Emery C, Batt ME, Engebretsen L, et al. 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Prevalence and factors associated with low back pain in retired Great Britain\u2019s Olympians: A cross-sectional study. Transl Sports Med. 2021;4(6):807\u201316.","journal-title":"Transl Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"897_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00339-1","volume":"7","author":"DJ Cooper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cooper DJ, Batt ME, O\u2019Hanlon MS, Palmer D. A cross-sectional study of retired Great British Olympians (Berlin 1936\u2013Sochi 2014): Olympic career injuries, joint health in later life, and reasons for retirement from Olympic sport. Sports Med Open. 2021;7(1):54.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"897_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101772","volume":"55","author":"D Palmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palmer D, Cooper DJ, Emery C, Batt ME, Engebretsen L, Scammell BE, et al. 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It was agreed in the ethics approval, and with the British Olympic Association and the British Olympic Associations Athletes\u2019 Commission, that implied consent would be used to avoid the use of personal signatures that could identify the GB Olympian. The letter of invitation and the participant information sheet made it explicit that by completing and returning the Olympian questionnaire, GB Olympians gave implied consent. GB Olympians were informed that if they completed and returned the Olympian questionnaire, they were consenting to have their details stored for future analysis. GB Olympians were informed that they were giving authorization for inclusion of their data in public release data sets, such as journal articles and press releases. The ELSA data are publicly available. Ethics approval for ELSA was previously provided by the NHS Research Ethics Committees under the National Research and Ethics Service (NRES). Anonymized ELSA data for the present study were provided by the UK Data Service.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"It was made explicitly clear to GB participants that by completing and returning a questionnaire, they gave implied consent for publication from the dataset. Anonymized ELSA data are publicly available from the UK Data Service.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"93"}}