{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T23:03:29Z","timestamp":1776812609900,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-0115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-0115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00906-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T15:29:44Z","timestamp":1755876584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Exercise Training with Consideration of Potential Moderating Variables in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Manresa-Rocamora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1361-8806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Fuertes-Kenneally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"Sempere-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carles","family":"Blasco-Peris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Criado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Climent-Pay\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Sarabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"906_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","volume":"139","author":"EJ Benjamin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke Statistics-2019 update: A report from the American heart association. Circulation. 2019;139(10):e56\u2013528.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"906_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005119","volume":"129","author":"SS Chugh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chugh SS, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, Singh D, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ, et al. Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a global burden of disease 2010 study. Circulation. 2014;129(8):837\u201347.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"906_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.05.063","volume":"112","author":"S Colilla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Colilla S, Crow A, Petkun W, Singer DE, Simon T, Liu X. Estimates of current and future incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the U.S. Adult population. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(8):1142\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"35","key":"906_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht280","volume":"34","author":"BP Krijthe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krijthe BP, Kunst A, Benjamin EJ, Lip GY, Franco OH, Hofman A, et al. Projections on the number of individuals with atrial fibrillation in the European union, from 2000 to 2060. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(35):2746\u201351.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"906_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","volume":"42","author":"G Hindricks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, Blomstr\u00f6m-Lundqvist C, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European association for Cardio-Thoracic surgery (EACTS): the task force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European society of cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the European heart rhythm association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373\u2013498.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"906_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.001303","volume":"8","author":"JV Freeman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Freeman JV, Simon DN, Go AS, Spertus J, Fonarow GC, Gersh BJ, et al. Association between atrial fibrillation symptoms, quality of life, and patient outcomes: results from the outcomes registry for better informed treatment of atrial fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015;8(4):393\u2013402.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"906_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.06.033","volume":"252","author":"OJ Ziff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ziff OJ, Carter PR, McGowan J, Uppal H, Chandran S, Russell S, et al. The interplay between atrial fibrillation and heart failure on long-term mortality and length of stay: insights from the, united Kingdom ACALM registry. Int J Cardiol. 2018;252:117\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.958165","volume":"4","author":"MH Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim MH, Johnston SS, Chu BC, Dalal MR, Schulman KL. Estimation of total incremental health care costs in patients with atrial fibrillation in the united States. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4(3):313\u201320.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"906_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196665","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1196665","volume":"14","author":"L Fuertes-Kenneally","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fuertes-Kenneally L, Blasco-Peris C, Casanova-Liz\u00f3n A, Baladzhaeva S, Climent V, Sarabia JM, et al. Effects of high-intensity interval training on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1196665.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"906_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l2191","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l2191","volume":"365","author":"CR Richardson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richardson CR, Franklin B, Moy ML, Jackson EA. Advances in rehabilitation for chronic diseases: improving health outcomes and function. BMJ. 2019;365:l2191.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"906_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","volume":"14","author":"GA Borg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377\u201381.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"906_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01322-8","volume":"50","author":"NA Jamnick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jamnick NA, Pettitt RW, Granata C, Pyne DB, Bishop DJ. An examination and critique of current methods to determine exercise intensity. Sports Med. 2020;50(10):1729\u201356.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"906_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0029-x","volume":"43","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Laursen PB. High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sports Med. 2013;43(5):313\u201338.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"906_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3901.095960","volume":"104","author":"GF Fletcher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association. Circulation. 2001;104(14):1694\u2013740.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200203000-00025","volume":"34","author":"KM Lagally","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lagally KM, Robertson RJ, Gallagher KI, Goss FL, Jakicic JM, Lephart SM, et al. Perceived exertion, electromyography, and blood lactate during acute bouts of resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(3):552\u20139. discussion 60.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"15","key":"906_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.09.003","volume":"41","author":"DM Pincivero","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pincivero DM, Coelho AJ, Campy RM. Contraction mode shift in quadriceps femoris muscle activation during dynamic knee extensor exercise with increasing loads. J Biomech. 2008;41(15):3127\u201332.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"906_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00553-z","volume":"9","author":"L Fuertes-Kenneally","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fuertes-Kenneally L, Manresa-Rocamora A, Blasco-Peris C, Ribeiro F, Sempere-Ruiz N, Sarabia JM, et al. Effects and optimal dose of exercise on endothelial function in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med Open. 2023;9(1):8.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"36","key":"906_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae176","volume":"45","author":"IC Van Gelder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV, Casado-Arroyo R, Caso V, Crijns H, et al. 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European association for Cardio-Thoracic surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2024;45(36):3314\u2013414.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"906_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1706829","volume":"38","author":"R Martland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martland R, Mondelli V, Gaughran F, Stubbs B. Can high-intensity interval training improve physical and mental health outcomes? A meta-review of 33 systematic reviews across the lifespan. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(4):430\u201369.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"906_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000665","volume":"42","author":"A Oesterle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oesterle A, Giancaterino S, Van Noord MG, Pellegrini CN, Fan D, Srivatsa UN, et al. Effects of supervised exercise training on atrial fibrillation: a META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2022;42(4):258\u201365.","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"8","key":"906_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2021.11.013","volume":"159","author":"A Ortega-Moral","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ortega-Moral A, Valle-Sahag\u00fan B, Bar\u00f3n-Esquivias G. Efficacy of exercise in patients with atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Clin (Barc). 2022;159(8):372\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"906_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00740","volume":"11","author":"S Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi S, Shi J, Jia Q, Shi S, Yuan G, Hu Y. Efficacy of physical exercise on the quality of life, exercise ability, and cardiopulmonary fitness of patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol. 2020;11:740.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000880","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000880","volume":"5","author":"NA Smart","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smart NA, King N, Lambert JD, Pearson MJ, Campbell JL, Risom SS, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improves exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in people with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised trials. Open Heart. 2018;5(2):e000880.","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"906_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9714252","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9714252","volume":"2022","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ren P, Tang A, Dong L, Hu X, Wang H, et al. Efficacy of exercise rehabilitation in patients with atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation: A Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:9714252.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"906_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.03.1217","volume":"19","author":"LS Alves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alves LS, Bocchi EA, Chizzola PR, Castro RE, Salemi VMC, de Melo MDT, et al. Exercise training in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and permanent atrial fibrillation: A randomized clinical trial. Heart Rhythm. 2022;19(7):1058\u201366.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"10","key":"906_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2239380","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39380","volume":"5","author":"JL Reed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reed JL, Terada T, Vidal-Almela S, Tulloch HE, Mistura M, Birnie DH, et al. Effect of High-Intensity interval training in patients with atrial fibrillation: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2239380.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"906_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","volume":"134","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;134:178\u201389.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"906_CR28","first-page":"Mr000026","volume":"2011","author":"T Horsley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Horsley T, Dingwall O, Sampson M. Checking reference lists to find additional studies for systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2011(8):Mr000026.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"36","key":"906_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","volume":"42","author":"TA McDonagh","year":"2021","unstructured":"McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, B\u00f6hm M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599\u2013726.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"906_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000020","volume":"13","author":"NA Smart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smart NA, Waldron M, Ismail H, Giallauria F, Vigorito C, Cornelissen V, et al. Validation of a new tool for the assessment of study quality and reporting in exercise training studies: TESTEX. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015;13(1):9\u201318.","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"906_CR31","volume-title":"Statistical methods for meta-analysis","author":"LV Hedges","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hedges LV, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Cambridge: Academic; 2014."},{"key":"906_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Cambridge, MA, USA: Academic; 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12","volume":"1","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010;1(2):97\u2013111.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"7414","key":"906_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557\u201360.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"906_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.5","volume":"1","author":"LV Hedges","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hedges LV, Tipton E, Johnson MC. Robust variance Estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates. Res Synth Methods. 2010;1(1):39\u201365.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000011","volume":"20","author":"E Tipton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tipton E. Small sample adjustments for robust variance Estimation with meta-regression. Psychol Methods. 2015;20(3):375\u201393.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"906_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.004","volume":"4","author":"J Bittman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bittman J, Thomson CJ, Lyall LA, Alexis SL, Lyall ET, Cannatella SL, et al. Effect of an exercise and nutrition program on quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation: the atrial fibrillation lifestyle project (ALP). CJC Open. 2022;4(8):685\u201394.","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"906_CR38","first-page":"442","volume":"51","author":"AM Joensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joensen AM, Dinesen PT, Svendsen LT, Hoejbjerg TK, Fjerbaek A, Andreasen J, et al. Effect of patient education and physical training on quality of life and physical exercise capacity in patients with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation: A randomized study. J Rehabil Med. 2019;51(6):442\u201350.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"906_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319859974","volume":"26","author":"M Kato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kato M, Ogano M, Mori Y, Kochi K, Morimoto D, Kito K, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for patients with catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(18):1931\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"906_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.0947-22","volume":"62","author":"S Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim S, Lee S, Han D, Jeong I, Lee HH, Koh Y, et al. One-year aerobic interval training improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with atrial fibrillation: A randomized trial. Intern Med. 2023;62(17):2465\u201374.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"906_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018220","volume":"133","author":"V Malmo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malmo V, Nes BM, Amundsen BH, Tjonna AE, Stoylen A, Rossvoll O, et al. Aerobic interval training reduces the burden of atrial fibrillation in the short term: A randomized trial. Circulation. 2016;133(5):466\u201373.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"906_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"Z Nourmohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nourmohammadi Z, Khalifehzadeh-Esfahani A, Eftekhari M, Sanei H. The effect of aerobic physical rehabilitation on the quality of life in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation; A randomized controlled clinical trial study. ARYA Atheroscler. 2019;15(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler"},{"issue":"6","key":"906_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.09.013","volume":"162","author":"PS Osbak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Osbak PS, Mourier M, Kjaer A, Henriksen JH, Kofoed KF, Jensen GB. A randomized study of the effects of exercise training on patients with atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J. 2011;162(6):1080\u20137.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"906_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2016.08.013","volume":"181","author":"SS Risom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Risom SS, Zwisler AD, Rasmussen TB, Sibilitz KL, Madsen TL, Svendsen JH, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care for patients treated with catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: results of the randomized CopenHeart(RFA) trial. Am Heart J. 2016;181:120\u20139.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"906_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/tsm2.166","volume":"3","author":"M Borland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borland M, Bergfeldt L, Nordeman L, Ballano E, Andersson L, Rosenkvist A, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improves physical fitness in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation \u2013 A randomized controlled study. Translational Sports Med. 2020;3(5):415\u201325.","journal-title":"Translational Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170060","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170060","volume":"12","author":"AK Skielboe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skielboe AK, Bandholm TQ, Hakmann S, Mourier M, Kallemose T, Dixen U. Cardiovascular exercise and burden of arrhythmia in patients with atrial fibrillation - A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2):e0170060.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"906_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-200601000-00005","volume":"26","author":"F Hegbom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hegbom F, Sire S, Heldal M, Orning OM, Stavem K, Gjesdal K. Short-term exercise training in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: effects on exercise capacity, AV conduction, and quality of life. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006;26(1):24\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"906_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-021-01829-8","volume":"36","author":"D Aoyama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aoyama D, Miyazaki S, Hasegawa K, Nagao M, Kakehashi S, Mukai M, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Heart Vessels. 2021;36(10):1542\u201350.","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"issue":"4","key":"906_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euy311","volume":"21","author":"RR De With","year":"2019","unstructured":"De With RR, Rienstra M, Smit MD, Weijs B, Zwartkruis VW, Hobbelt AH, et al. Targeted therapy of underlying conditions improves quality of life in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: results of the RACE 3 study. Europace. 2019;21(4):563\u201371.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"4","key":"906_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2022.12.002","volume":"9","author":"AD Elliott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elliott AD, Verdicchio CV, Mahajan R, Middeldorp ME, Gallagher C, Mishima RS, et al. An exercise and physical activity program in patients with atrial fibrillation: the ACTIVE-AF randomized controlled trial. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2023;9(4):455\u201365.","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"906_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010877","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.124.010877","volume":"17","author":"M Seifert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seifert M, Meretz D, Haase-Fielitz A, Georgi C, Bannehr M, Moeller V, et al. Impact of physical activity in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing catheter ablation: the multicenter randomized BE-ACTION trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2024;17(10):e010877.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"906_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang F, Wu Y. Impact of routine postoperative care versus Nurse-Led lifestyle interventions on patient outcomes after radiofrequency ablation: A randomized controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2025.","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000001219"},{"issue":"1","key":"906_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155211032372","volume":"36","author":"C Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai C, Bao Z, Wu N, Wu F, Sun G, Yang G, et al. A novel model of home-based, patient-tailored and mobile application-guided cardiac telerehabilitation in patients with atrial fibrillation: A randomised controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2022;36(1):40\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000232","volume":"40","author":"M Kato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kato M, Kubo A, Nihei F, Ogano M, Takagi H. Effects of exercise training on exercise capacity, cardiac function, BMI, and quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Int J Rehabil Res. 2017;40(3):193\u2013201.","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"906_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.07.024","volume":"58","author":"DW Kitzman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kitzman DW. Exercise training in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: beyond proof-of-concept. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(17):1792\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"906_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003525","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003525","volume":"9","author":"JW Magnani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Magnani JW, Wang N, Benjamin EJ, Garcia ME, Bauer DC, Butler J, et al. Atrial fibrillation and declining physical performance in older adults: the health, aging, and body composition study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016;9(5):e003525.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"906_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laukkanen JA, Zaccardi F, Khan H, Kurl S, Jae SY, Rauramaa R. Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Follow-up Study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(9):1183-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.05.014"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.105890","volume":"126","author":"NB Gabler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gabler NB, French B, Strom BL, Palevsky HI, Taichman DB, Kawut SM, et al. Validation of 6-minute walk distance as a surrogate end point in pulmonary arterial hypertension trials. Circulation. 2012;126(3):349\u201356.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR59","first-page":"Cd011197","volume":"2","author":"SS Risom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Risom SS, Zwisler AD, Johansen PP, Sibilitz KL, Lindschou J, Gluud C, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):Cd011197.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.184461","volume":"116","author":"R Arena","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arena R, Myers J, Williams MA, Gulati M, Kligfield P, Balady GJ, et al. Assessment of functional capacity in clinical and research settings: a scientific statement from the American heart association committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention of the Council on clinical cardiology and the Council on cardiovascular nursing. Circulation. 2007;116(3):329\u201343.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"906_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001193","volume":"149","author":"JA Joglar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ, Chyou JY, Cronin EM, et al. 2023 ACC\/AHA\/ACCP\/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: A report of the American college of cardiology\/american heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149(1):e1\u2013156.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"906_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.70.965","volume":"70","author":"T Tsuneda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsuneda T, Yamashita T, Fukunami M, Kumagai K, Niwano S, Okumura K, et al. Rate control and quality of life in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: the quality of life and atrial fibrillation (QOLAF) study. Circ J. 2006;70(8):965\u201370.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"9","key":"906_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002031","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002031","volume":"4","author":"BA Steinberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinberg BA, Kim S, Thomas L, Fonarow GC, Gersh BJ, Holmqvist F, et al. Increased heart rate is associated with higher mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF): results from the outcomes registry for better informed treatment of AF (ORBIT-AF). J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(9):e002031.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"906_CR64","first-page":"1721","volume":"29","author":"JL Reed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reed JL, Mark AE, Reid RD, Pipe AL. The effects of chronic exercise training in individuals with permanent atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29(12):1721\u20138.","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"906_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/15.suppl_A.9","volume":"15","author":"P Coumel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Coumel P. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a disorder of autonomic tone? Eur Heart J. 1994;15:9\u201316. Suppl A.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"906_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-008-0692-3","volume":"97","author":"J Plisiene","year":"2008","unstructured":"Plisiene J, Blumberg A, Haager G, Knackstedt C, Latsch J, Norra C, et al. Moderate physical exercise: a simplified approach for ventricular rate control in older patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin Res Cardiol. 2008;97(11):820\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"38","key":"906_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab597","volume":"42","author":"MP Bonnesen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonnesen MP, Frodi DM, Haugan KJ, Kronborg C, Graff C, H\u00f8jberg S, et al. Day-to-day measurement of physical activity and risk of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(38):3979\u201388.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"20","key":"906_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e623","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000568","volume":"137","author":"LY Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen LY, Chung MK, Allen LA, Ezekowitz M, Furie KL, McCabe P, et al. Atrial fibrillation burden: moving beyond atrial fibrillation as a binary entity: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2018;137(20):e623\u201344.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"906_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eup197","volume":"11","author":"J Abdulla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abdulla J, Nielsen JR. Is the risk of atrial fibrillation higher in athletes than in the general population? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2009;11(9):1156\u20139.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"21","key":"906_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.09.028","volume":"64","author":"RK Pathak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Lau DH, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Twomey D, et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(21):2222\u201331.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"906_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.03.002","volume":"65","author":"RK Pathak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Wong CX, et al. Long-Term effect of Goal-Directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: A Long-Term Follow-Up study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(20):2159\u201369.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"906_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eut369","volume":"16","author":"E Aliot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aliot E, Botto GL, Crijns HJ, Kirchhof P. Quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation: how to assess it and how to improve it. Europace. 2014;16(6):787\u201396.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"906_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S150596","volume":"9","author":"AL Hannan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hannan AL, Hing W, Simas V, Climstein M, Coombes JS, Jayasinghe R, et al. High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training within cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Access J Sports Med. 2018;9:1\u201317.","journal-title":"Open Access J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000156","volume":"36","author":"KV Jaureguizar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaureguizar KV, Vicente-Campos D, Bautista LR, de la Pe\u00f1a CH, G\u00f3mez MJ, Rueda MJ, et al. Effect of High-Intensity interval versus continuous exercise training on functional capacity and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease: a RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2016;36(2):96\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"39","key":"906_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29649","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029649","volume":"101","author":"Q Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang Q, Luo A. The efficacy of mindfulness-based intervention for heart diseases: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med (Baltim). 2022;101(39):e29649.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"5","key":"906_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185214","volume":"116","author":"MA Williams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, Amsterdam EA, Bittner V, Franklin BA, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American heart association Council on clinical cardiology and Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism. Circulation. 2007;116(5):572\u201384.","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00964-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000}}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-025-00906-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40798-025-00906-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-025-00906-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T08:02:05Z","timestamp":1766044925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40798-025-00906-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-025-00906-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4706347\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2198-9761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-9761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2025","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-025-00964-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-025-00964-0","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Agust\u00edn Manresa-Rocamora, Laura Fuertes-Kenneally, Noem\u00ed Sempere-Ruiz, Carles Blasco-Peris, Alicia Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Criado, Vicente Climent-Paya, and Jos\u00e9 Manuel Sarabia declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This article includes supplementary materials with additional data on the pooled analysis of VO\u2082 peak (Supplementary Fig.\u00a0\n                      \n                      ), the 6MWT (Supplementary Fig.\u00a0\n                      \n                      ), and resting HR (Supplementary Fig.\u00a0\n                      \n                      ). It also contains a methodological quality assessment (Tables\n                      \n                      and\n                      \n                      ) and a summary of the intervention characteristics and reported outcomes of the included studies (Table\n                      \n                      and\n                      \n                      ).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Supplementary Information"}}],"article-number":"99"}}