{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:36:38Z","timestamp":1787315798317,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Compared with traditional running shoes, Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) improves the oxygen cost of running (O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n cost) for athletes competing at fast speeds. Less clear are the effects of these modern shoes at the slower speeds commonly adopted by recreational runners. Therefore, this study\u2019s primary aim was to assess the effects of AFT shoes on O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n cost at slow running speeds.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Fourteen moderately-trained runners (6 men, 8 women, age 25.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8\u00a0years, body mass index 21.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.3\u00a0kg\u00a0m\n \u22122<\/jats:sup>\n , V\u0307O\n 2peak<\/jats:sub>\n 49.8\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1\u00a0ml O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) ran at four speeds (7.5, 9.0, 10.5 and 12.0\u00a0km\u00a0h\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) with three different footwear conditions: traditional running shoes (On Cloudrunner 2, TRA); AFT shoes (On Cloudboom Echo 3, CBE); and prototype shoes combining AFT and standard features (high compliance, energy return, and mass; On Prototype, MIX). The full protocol was repeated on three different days by each participant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Combining all tested speeds, O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n cost was lower for CBE compared with both TRA (\u22125.4\u00a0ml O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n km\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , 95% CI: \u22126.9 to \u22123.9\u00a0ml O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n km\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and MIX (\u22124.1\u00a0ml O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n km\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , 95% CI: \u2013\u22125.6 to \u22122.6\u00a0ml O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n km\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), whereas no difference between MIX and TRA could be detected (95% CI: \u22123.4 to 0.8\u00a0ml O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n km\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.269). Differences in O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n cost between shoes were independent of speed. Perceived effort was lower for CBE compared with TRA only (\u22120.2 points, 95% CI \u22120.4 to \u22120.1 points), whereas no differences were detected for perceived comfort between any of the shoes (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.377). No clear effect of footwear was detected for cadence, ground contact time, or leg stiffness. Comparing the most and least liked shoe models revealed preference for both lower O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n cost and higher comfort, with larger effect sizes for comfort.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n AFT shoes can provide meaningful metabolic savings even at very low running speeds, with no distinguishable speed-dependence, which cannot be explained by changes in spatiotemporal variables. AFT shoes for recreational runners should be further improved to maintain metabolic efficiency while not sacrificing perceived comfort, which is a stronger determinant of shoe preference.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-026-00977-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T16:54:56Z","timestamp":1771347296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Advanced Footwear Technology on Running Economy at Slower Running Speeds: A Randomised, Cross-Over Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aline","family":"Bolliger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4598-3595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M.","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6946-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando G.","family":"Beltrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0811-2","volume":"48","author":"W Hoogkamer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoogkamer W, Kipp S, Frank JH, Farina EM, Luo G, Kram R. 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All participants signed a written consent form (approved by the ethics committee).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The exercise Physiology Lab received a financial contribution from On Running AG (Zurich, Switzerland), unrelated to this specific work. No footwear company had any influence on the conceptualization of this article. None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}