{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:03:37Z","timestamp":1780419817331,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002332","name":"Semmelweis University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between biomarkers of bone remodeling due to systematic training is not known, it is not possible to predict the optimal type and volume of exercise for bone remodeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to quantify the effects of systematic training on bone remodeling biomarkers, particularly osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase in healthy adult populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study (PROSPERO: CRD42023483811) explored the effects of systematic training (training programs lasting more than two weeks) through a systematic review and meta-analysis and included only randomized controlled trials of different types (endurance, power, and mixed) and intensities, frequency and duration of training. MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL were searched on November 22, 2023, and we updated the search on 19, September 2025. Risk-of-bias and quality assessment were performed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias 2 (RoB2) tool and the GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool (GRADEpro).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 16,434 records were screened, and 24 studies with 1,238 participants were analyzed. Endurance training showed no significant effect on osteocalcin level. High- and low-intensity endurance training also had no significant effect on osteocalcin. High-intensity training significantly increased osteocalcin levels (MD\u2009=\u20096.88; 95% CI 0.37 to 13.38). Endurance training significantly decreased the Body Mass Index (MD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.40; 95% CI \u22122.23 to \u20130.57). Power training showed no significant change in osteocalcin levels. Mixed training (endurance\u2009+\u2009power) did not significantly change osteocalcin levels. Bone alkaline phosphatase showed no significant change following endurance training. Bone Mineral Density showed no significant changes after endurance or power training. The risk of bias was low for all outcomes. GRADEpro assessment for osteocalcin in the high-intensity training group revealed moderate to low certainty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of systematic training on bone biomarkers in healthy adults. Our findings show that high-intensity systematic training significantly decreases Body Mass Index and significantly increases osteocalcin levels, whereas other training types had no effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-026-00986-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:58:59Z","timestamp":1780412339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Intensity Training Increases Osteocalcin Levels: A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Exercise on Bone Remodeling biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vikt\u00f3ria","family":"Barna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Makolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna P\u00e1sztorn\u00e9","family":"Beny\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Anne","family":"Engh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"Zolcs\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitta","family":"Teutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivienne","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Hegyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e1ta","family":"Papp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Sydo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Ferdinandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"986_CR1","volume-title":"Global status report on physical activity 2022","author":"WHO","year":"2022","unstructured":"WHO. Global status report on physical activity 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"issue":"8","key":"986_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1232","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00150-5","volume":"12","author":"T Strain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strain T, et al. National, regional, and global trends in insufficient physical activity among adults from 2000 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 507 population-based surveys with 5\u00b77 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2024;12(8):e1232\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"986_CR3","volume-title":"ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 2000","author":"American College of Sports, M","year":"2000","unstructured":"American College of Sports, M. ACSM\u2019s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 2000. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.","edition":"6"},{"issue":"4","key":"986_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2165\/11597670-000000000-00000","volume":"42","author":"A G\u00f3mez-Cabello","year":"2012","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Cabello A, et al. Effects of training on bone mass in older adults. Sports Med. 2012;42(4):301\u201325.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"986_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00671-w","volume":"106","author":"GR Mohammad Rahimi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohammad Rahimi GR, et al. The impact of different modes of exercise training on bone mineral density in older postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis research. Calcif Tissue Int. 2020;106(6):577\u201390.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"986_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807110","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.807110","volume":"12","author":"H Zouhal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zouhal H, et al. Effects of exercise training on bone health parameters in individuals with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2022;12:807110.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"986_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.06.001","volume":"45","author":"ME Lester","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lester ME, et al. Influence of exercise mode and osteogenic index on bone biomarker responses during short-term physical training. Bone. 2009;45(4):768\u201376.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"986_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01551-y","volume":"9","author":"E Dolan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dolan E, et al. The influence of acute exercise on bone biomarkers: protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1):291.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"986_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-024-02418-8","volume":"102","author":"M Martiniakova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martiniakova M, et al. Current knowledge of bone-derived factor osteocalcin: its role in the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis and inflammatory joint diseases. J Mol Med. 2024;102(4):435\u201352.","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"986_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.259085","volume":"63","author":"MB Greenblatt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greenblatt MB, Tsai JN, Wein MN. Bone turnover markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic bone disease. Clin Chem. 2017;63(2):464\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"986_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2023.2222685","volume":"23","author":"I Carneiro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carneiro I, et al. Bone health, body composition and physical fitness dose-response effects of 16 weeks of recreational team handball for inactive middle-to-older-aged males - a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Sport Sci. 2023;23(11):2251\u201363.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"986_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.09.007","volume":"7","author":"T Hornstrup","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hornstrup T, et al. Fitness and health benefits of team handball training for young untrained women\u2014a cross-disciplinary RCT on physiological adaptations and motivational aspects. J Sport Health Sci. 2018;7(2):139\u201348.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"986_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.04.020","volume":"35","author":"T Remes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Remes T, et al. The association of bone metabolism with bone mineral density, serum sex hormone concentrations, and regular exercise in middle-aged men. Bone. 2004;35(2):439\u201347.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"6","key":"986_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00571327","volume":"52","author":"M Hatori","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hatori M, et al. The effects of walking at the anaerobic threshold level on vertebral bone loss in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993;52(6):411\u20134.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"986_CR15","unstructured":"Higgins JPTTJ, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4. 2023. www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook Cochrane."},{"key":"986_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"986_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani M, et al. Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"986_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddaway NR, Grainger MJ, Gray CT., citationchaser: an R package for forward and backward citations chasing in academic searching. 2021.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.citationchaser"},{"key":"986_CR19","unstructured":"Rohatgi A. WebPlotDigitizer. v 4.6. 2022. https:\/\/automeris.io\/WebPlotDigitizer."},{"issue":"2","key":"986_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","volume":"6","author":"LV Hedges","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hedges LV. Distribution theory for Glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators. J Educ Stat. 1981;6(2):107\u201328.","journal-title":"J Educ Stat"},{"key":"986_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347","volume-title":"Doing meta-analysis with R: a hands-on guide","author":"M Harrer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa T, Ebert D. Doing meta-analysis with R: a hands-on guide. Boca Raton: HallCRC Press; 2021."},{"key":"986_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","volume":"22","author":"SRG Balduzzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balduzzi SRG, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with {R}: a practical tutorial. Evidence-Based Ment Health. 2019;22:153\u201360.","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Ment Health"},{"key":"986_CR23","unstructured":"Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa T, Ebert DD. dmetar: Companion R Package For The Guide 'Doing Meta-Analysis in R'. R package version 0.1.0. 2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"986_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36(3):1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"986_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"986_CR26","unstructured":"GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [Software].McMaster University and Evidence Prime. 2024. https:\/\/gradepro.org."},{"key":"986_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2023-0104","author":"H Sanchez-Trigo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sanchez-Trigo H, et al. Assessment of osteogenic exercise efficacy via bone turnover markers in premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2023-0104.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"986_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.12.1797","volume":"13","author":"HW Woitge","year":"1998","unstructured":"Woitge HW, et al. Changes in bone turnover induced by aerobic and anaerobic exercise in young males. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(12):1797\u2013804.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"986_CR29","first-page":"S42","volume":"98","author":"A Anek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anek A, Kanungsukasem V, Bunyaratavej N. Effects of aerobic step combined with resistance training on biochemical bone markers, health-related physical fitness and balance in working women. J Med Assoc Thai. 2015;98:S42-51.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"6","key":"986_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.1998.7.701","volume":"7","author":"AM Danz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Danz AM, et al. The effect of a specific strength-development exercise on bone mineral density in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Womens Health. 1998;7(6):701\u20139.","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"986_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809363","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.809363","volume":"13","author":"EA Rodziewicz-Flis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodziewicz-Flis EA, et al. 12 weeks of physical exercise attenuates oxidative stress, improves functional tests performance, and reduces fall risk in elderly women independently on serum 25(OH)D concentration. Front Physiol. 2022;13:809363.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"986_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12601","volume":"82","author":"YS Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim YS, et al. The effects of aerobic exercise training on serum osteocalcin, adipocytokines and insulin resistance on obese young males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;82(5):686\u201394.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"986_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041129","volume":"12","author":"J Kortas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kortas J, et al. Iron status in elderly women impacts myostatin, adiponectin and osteocalcin levels induced by nordic walking training. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1129.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"986_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2022.2113877","author":"Y Guzel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guzel Y, et al. Ten weeks of low-volume walking training improve cardiometabolic health and body composition in sedentary postmenopausal women with obesity without affecting markers of bone metabolism. Res Sports Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15438627.2022.2113877.","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"key":"986_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.115847","volume":"145","author":"R Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira R, et al. Effects of recreational team handball on bone health, postural balance and body composition in inactive postmenopausal women - a randomised controlled trial. Bone. 2021;145:115847.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"986_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-4050-5","volume":"119","author":"T Hornstrup","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hornstrup T, et al. Correction to: Cardiovascular, muscular, and skeletal adaptations to recreational team handball training: a randomized controlled trial with young adult untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;119(2):575\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"986_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12239","volume":"24","author":"EW Helge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Helge EW, et al. Recreational football improves bone mineral density and bone turnover marker profile in elderly men. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24:98\u2013104.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"986_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4274\/imj.galenos.2024.08505","volume":"26","author":"S Yar\u0131\u015f","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yar\u0131\u015f S, Yetgin MK, Agopyan A, Kas\u0131may \u00d6, Gedikba\u015f\u0131 A, Demirci H, et al. Impact of high-intensity interval training on bone metabolism and the metabolic and hormonal profiles of postmenopausal women. Istanbul Med J. 2025;26(1):5\u201310.","journal-title":"Istanbul Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"986_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91469.2008","volume":"106","author":"A Guadalupe-Grau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guadalupe-Grau A, et al. Strength training combined with plyometric jumps in adults: sex differences in fat-bone axis adaptations. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(4):1100\u201311.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"986_CR40","first-page":"1190","volume":"24","author":"KA Grove","year":"1992","unstructured":"Grove KA, Londeree BR. Bone density in postmenopausal women: high impact vs low impact exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(11):1190\u20134.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"06","key":"986_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2502-9854","volume":"46","author":"MA Osalou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Osalou MA, et al. Twelve-week interval training alters cytokines, adipokines and bone markers in women with obesity. Int J Sports Med. 2025;46(06):402\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"986_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2022.108993","volume":"39","author":"S Vasto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vasto S, et al. Dare to jump: the effect of the new high impact activity SuperJump on bone remodeling. A new tool to maintain fitness during COVID-19 home confinement. Biol Sport. 2022;39(4):1011\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"986_CR43","first-page":"31","volume":"11","author":"K Kishimoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kishimoto K, et al. Short-term jump activity on bone metabolism in female college-aged nonathletes. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(1):31\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"986_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200405000-00005","volume":"18","author":"ET Schroeder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schroeder ET, Hawkins SA, Jaque SV. Musculoskeletal adaptations to 16 weeks of eccentric progressive resistance training in young women. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(2):227\u201335.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"986_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200201000-00004","volume":"34","author":"KR Vincent","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vincent KR, Braith RW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(1):17\u201323.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"986_CR46","first-page":"310","volume":"59","author":"A Alev","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alev A. Effects of aerobic exercise on bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and urinary CTX levels in premenopausal women. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2013;59(4):310\u20133.","journal-title":"Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi"},{"issue":"7","key":"986_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-04947-x","volume":"122","author":"EJ Mc Dermott","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mc Dermott EJ, et al. Fast and ballistic contractions involve greater neuromuscular power production in older adults during resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022;122(7):1639\u201355.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"986_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200301000-00009","volume":"31","author":"CH Turner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turner CH, Robling AG. Designing exercise regimens to increase bone strength. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2003;31(1):45\u201350.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"986_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3851-x","volume":"118","author":"T Ravnholt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ravnholt T, et al. High-intensity intermittent \u201c5\u201310\u201315\u201d running reduces body fat, and increases lean body mass, bone mineral density, and performance in untrained subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;118(6):1221\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"986_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.915241","author":"AK Stunes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stunes AK, et al. Acute effects of strength and endurance training on bone turnover markers in young adults and elderly men. Front Endocrinol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.915241.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"986_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115818","volume":"144","author":"D Hiam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hiam D, et al. Osteocalcin and its forms respond similarly to exercise in males and females. Bone. 2021;144:115818.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"986_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00767-9","volume":"10","author":"W Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang W, et al. Effects of high-intensity interval training on the parameters related to physical fitness and health of older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med Open. 2024;10(1):98.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"986_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24421","volume":"10","author":"Z Lei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei Z, et al. The effects of long-term lactate and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on brain neuroplasticity of aged mice. Heliyon. 2024;10(2):e24421.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"3","key":"986_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2024.2310521","volume":"27","author":"N Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00e1lvez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00e1lvez N, Moreno-Torres JM, Vaquero-Crist\u00f3bal R. Resistance training effects on healthy postmenopausal women: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Climacteric. 2024;27(3):296\u2013304.","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"986_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.54112\/bcsrj.v2023i1.582","volume":"2023","author":"RU Jan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jan RU, et al. Effects of physical activity on bone health: investigate how different types of exercise influence bone density and strength. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2023;2023:582.","journal-title":"Biol Clin Sci Res J"},{"issue":"4","key":"986_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2018.33.4.435","volume":"33","author":"AR Hong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hong AR, Kim SW. Effects of resistance exercise on bone health. Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(4):435\u201344.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"986_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.015","volume":"45","author":"JH Mitchell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mitchell JH, et al. Task Force 8: classification of sports. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(8):1364\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"986_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","volume":"42","author":"A Pelliccia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pelliccia A, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease: The Task Force on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2020;42(1):17\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"986_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10230","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410230","volume":"12","author":"H Loellgen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loellgen H, et al. Physical activity, exercise prescription for health and home-based rehabilitation. Sustainability. 2020;12:10230.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"10","key":"986_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0881-6","volume":"20","author":"A Vainionp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vainionp\u00e4\u00e4 A, et al. Effect of impact exercise on bone metabolism. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(10):1725\u201333.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"986_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.12.006","volume":"12","author":"K Milton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Milton K, Gomersall SR, Schipperijn J. Let\u2019s get moving: the Global Status Report on Physical Activity 2022 calls for urgent action. J Sport Health Sci. 2023;12(1):5\u20136.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"986_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hegyi, P., et al. (2020). \"Academia Europaea Position Paper on Translational Medicine: The Cycle Model for Translating Scientific Results into Community Benefits.\" J Clin Med 9(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9051532","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051532"},{"key":"986_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hegyi, P. and A. Varr\u00f3 (2024). \"Systems education can train the next generation of scientists and clinicians.\" Nature Medicine 30(12): 3399\u20133400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03315-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03315-w"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-00986-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40798-026-00986-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-00986-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T16:02:23Z","timestamp":1780416143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40798-026-00986-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-026-00986-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-9761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-9761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethics approval was required for this systematic review with meta-analysis, as all data were already published in peer-reviewed journals. No patients were involved in the design, conduct or interpretation of our study, consent to participate is not applicable in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"PF is the founder and CEO of Pharmahungary Group, a group of R&D companies. The other authors (Vikt\u00f3ria Barna, Amir Makolli, Zsuzsanna P\u00e1sztorn\u00e9 Beny\u00f3, Marie Anne Eng, \u00c1d\u00e1m Zolcs\u00e1k, Brigitta Teutsch, Vivienne Seymour, P\u00e9ter Hegyi, Ren\u00e1ta Papp, and Nora Syd\u00f3) declare that they have no financial or non-financial competing interests related to this work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"60"}}