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Data were extracted from the included studies (n\u2009=\u200978), with participant groups separated by exercise mode and sex, and retrospectively scored using the PCF. Random effects meta-regressions with sub-grouping were conducted, to calculate pooled mean values by PCF tier, standard error, and 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sufficient data were only present for inferential analysis of running based protocols. VO\n                      <jats:sub>2Max<\/jats:sub>\n                      values generally increased with PCF tier in males and females for both absolute (Male: R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.80; Female: R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.66) and relative to total body mass values (Male: R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.41; Female: R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.69).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Performance prediction is multifaceted, particularly within XCS where numerous physiological parameters are compounded by multiple skiing techniques. These findings emphasise the importance of VO\n                      <jats:sub>2Max<\/jats:sub>\n                      in XCS to develop performance across the participation spectrum. Even within \u2018elite\u2019 athletes, this remains true, possibly reflecting a lack of homogeneity of VO\n                      <jats:sub>2Max<\/jats:sub>\n                      values within this sub-population. The values presented within this study may represent useful benchmark values for talent identification and performance development purposes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-026-01001-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:18:07Z","timestamp":1781014687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Running Assessed Maximal Oxygen Uptake Increases with Participant Classification Framework Tier in Overall Cross-Country Skiing Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-regressions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Morton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mykolas","family":"Kavaliauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Easton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Rumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6943-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom W.","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12601","author":"HC Holmberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holmberg HC. 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