{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:48:27Z","timestamp":1791406107189,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSH Medical School Hamburg - University of Applied Sciences and Medical University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advanced footwear technology (AFT) can enhance long-distance running performance by improving running economy (RE). However, the range of the individual improvements is large. Different intra-individual responses in running biomechanics may account for some of the variation. Thus, this randomized within-subject crossover study aimed to identify biomechanical factors associated with changes in RE when running with different AFT models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-two trained long-distance runners (50% female) ran multiple 5-minute running bouts at their season\u2019s best marathon pace (15.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.3\u00a0km\u2e31h\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) while wearing three standardized AFT models (Nike Air Zoom Alphafly Next% 2, Puma Fast-R Nitro Elite v1, Asics Metaspeed Sky+). During each condition, gas exchange data and three-dimensional kinematics and spatiotemporal variables were acquired. RE was determined as the energetic cost of transport. We used two complementary model selection strategies (Akaike Information Criterion model averaging and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) to identify biomechanical parameters associated with intra-individual differences in RE, and a repeated measures ANOVA to compare RE between shoes at the group level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across shoe conditions, shorter ground contact time was significantly associated with lower energetic cost of transport (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.025, 95% CI [0.010, 0.040], t(42)\u2009=\u20093.33,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), reflecting a\u2009~\u20091% improvement in RE per 4 ms decrease. We did not find group-level differences in RE between shoe conditions (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.246).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AFT models that reduced runners\u2019 individual ground contact time were associated with improved RE. This effect appears to depend on the individual athlete-shoe interaction since no single AFT model stood out as an overall optimum. These findings can help determine optimal footwear for athletes. Future studies should investigate the interaction of AFT properties and individual biomechanics to identify further RE improvements through footwear individualization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-026-01005-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T07:47:20Z","timestamp":1773992840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanical Factors Associated with Intraindividual Differences in Running Economy Across Advanced Footwear Technology Models in Long-Distance Runners"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Fohrmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelle","family":"Schaffarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4853-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin","family":"Menge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1303-3165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Willwacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6882-0537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Sanchez-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gronwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5682-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Hollander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1005_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00683-y","volume":"10","author":"S Willwacher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Willwacher S, Mai P, Helwig J, Hipper M, Utku B, Robbin J. 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All participants gave written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"KH serves as Chief Medical Officer (honorary position) for the German Athletics Association (DLV), which receives sponsorship from NIKE, and as Team Physician for the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB) and German Ski Association (DSV), which receives sponsorship from adidas AG. These relationships did not influence the design, conduct, or reporting of the research presented in this manuscript. Previous and ongoing work of SW and his group has been financially supported by adidas AG. This relationship did not influence the design, conduct, or reporting of the research presented in this manuscript. The other authors report no potential conflicts of interest with the content of this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"34"}}