{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T18:59:05Z","timestamp":1780772345925,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ratings of perceived effort (RPE) are used to prescribe and monitor training. Yet, the influence of how the upper anchor (\u201c10\u201d) is defined remains underexplored, despite holding theoretical and practical value. Here, we examined whether modifying the upper anchor predictably modifies RPEs during isometric exercises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a within-subject, randomized crossover study in 26 resistance-trained adults. Participants performed isometric contractions at 20\u2013100% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in three exercises: unilateral plantar flexion, unilateral knee extension, and the isometric mid-thigh pull. After each contraction, participants reported RPE (0\u201310) relative to one session-specific anchor: same-task (maximal effort in the task performed), different-task (maximal effort in the isometric mid-thigh pull), or self-selected (the most effortful task ever experienced or imagined). We estimated expected RPEs and slopes relating RPE to %MVC for each exercise\u2013anchor combination. Preregistered comparisons assessed anchor effects, muscle-mass dose\u2013response, and approximate scale invariance across anchors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anchor type substantially influenced RPE. Same-task anchors consistently produced the highest RPEs, self-selected the lowest, and different-task anchors intermediate values, with effects most pronounced at 80\u2013100% MVC. The ratings increased with %MVC across all conditions. Under the self-selected anchors, exercises engaging greater muscle mass tended to yield higher RPEs. The relative differences between exercises were largely preserved across anchors, indicating that anchor choice alters RPE while maintaining approximate scale invariance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper anchors predictably shape RPE across tasks and intensities. Researchers and applied practitioners using RPE in resistance training should explicitly define, justify, and consistently report anchoring procedures, and align anchor choice with the intended purpose to support valid interpretation and comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-026-01040-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T18:13:42Z","timestamp":1780769622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modifying the Meaning of the Upper Anchor Predictably Shapes Ratings of Perceived Effort: A Randomized Crossover Trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dennis","family":"Okhamafe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yedidya","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Vigotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2254-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Halperin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1040_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01229-z","volume":"50","author":"I Halperin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Halperin I, Emanuel A. Rating of perceived effort: methodological concerns and future directions. Sports Med. 2020;50:679\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-019-01229-z.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1040_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01374-w","volume":"51","author":"D Kasai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kasai D, Parfitt G, Tarca B, Eston R, Tsiros MD. The use of ratings of perceived exertion in children and adolescents: a scoping review. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 2021;51:33\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01374-w.","journal-title":"Sports Med Auckl NZ"},{"key":"1040_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2025.2471318","author":"O Kobi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kobi O, Ben-Ari A, Dello Iacono A, Silverman Y, Obolski U, Halperin I. Prescribing playing intensity in small-sided games using rating of perceived effort among youth soccer players: a randomized crossover trial. Sci Med Footb. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24733938.2025.2471318.","journal-title":"Sci Med Footb"},{"key":"1040_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0830-z","volume":"48","author":"SJ McLaren","year":"2018","unstructured":"McLaren SJ, Macpherson TW, Coutts AJ, Hurst C, Spears IR, Weston M. The relationships between internal and external measures of training load and intensity in team sports: a meta-analysis. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 2018;48:641\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0830-z.","journal-title":"Sports Med Auckl NZ"},{"key":"1040_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2024.102657","volume":"73","author":"F Weilharter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weilharter F, Rewitz K, Halperin I, Wolff W. The relationship between prescribed ratings of perceived exertion and force production in repeated isometric contractions. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2024;73:102657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2024.102657.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"1040_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/026404102320761787","volume":"20","author":"MJ Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen MJ, Fan X, Moe ST. Criterion-related validity of the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale in healthy individuals: a meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2002;20:873\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/026404102320761787.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"1040_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00729-1","volume":"10","author":"M Grummt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grummt M, Hafermann L, Claussen L, Herrmann C, Wolfarth B. Rating of perceived exertion: a large cross-sectional study defining intensity levels for individual physical activity recommendations. Sports Med - Open. 2024;10:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00729-1.","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"key":"1040_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2421-x","volume":"113","author":"J Scherr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scherr J, Wolfarth B, Christle JW, Pressler A, Wagenpfeil S, Halle M. Associations between Borg\u2019s rating of perceived exertion and physiological measures of exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113:147\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-012-2421-x.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1040_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0065","volume":"16","author":"A Emanuel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emanuel A, Rozen Smukas II, Halperin I. The effects of lifting lighter and heavier loads on subjective measures. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021;16:176\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0065.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"1040_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001517","volume":"31","author":"ER Helms","year":"2017","unstructured":"Helms ER, Storey A, Cross MR, Brown SR, Lenetsky S, Ramsay H, et al. RPE and velocity relationships for the back squat, bench press, and deadlift in powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31:292\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001517.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1040_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00386-8","volume":"8","author":"JWD Lea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lea JWD, O\u2019Driscoll JM, Hulbert S, Scales J, Wiles JD. Convergent validity of ratings of perceived exertion during resistance exercise in healthy participants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med Open. 2022;8:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-021-00386-8.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"1040_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000177217.12977.2f","volume":"37","author":"A Rotstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rotstein A, Inbar O, Berginsky T, Meckel Y. Preferred transition speed between walking and running: effects of training status. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:1864\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.mss.0000177217.12977.2f.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1040_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.12.1.3","volume":"12","author":"R Shigematsu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shigematsu R, Ueno LM, Nakagaichi M, Nho H, Tanaka K. Rate of perceived exertion as a tool to monitor cycling exercise intensity in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2004;12:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/japa.12.1.3.","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"1040_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412912","volume":"18","author":"H Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu H, Sun C, Sun B, Chen X, Tan Z. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between actual exercise intensity and rating of perceived exertion in the overweight and obese population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:12912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182412912.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1040_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0866","volume":"16","author":"T Losnegard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Losnegard T, Skarli S, Hansen J, Roterud S, Svendsen IS, R\u00f8nnestad RB, et al. Is rating of perceived exertion a valuable tool for monitoring exercise intensity during steady-state conditions in elite endurance athletes? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021;16:1589\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0866.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"1040_CR16","volume-title":"Borg\u2019s perceived exertion and pain scales","author":"G Borg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Borg G. Borg\u2019s perceived exertion and pain scales. Hum. Kinet.; 1998."},{"key":"1040_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02055-8","volume":"54","author":"I Halperin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Halperin I, Vigotsky AD. An integrated perspective of effort and perception of effort. Sports Med. 2024;54:2019\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02055-8.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1040_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12894","volume":"18","author":"JP Berm\u00fadez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berm\u00fadez JP, Massin O. Efforts and their feelings. Philos Compass. 2023;18:e12894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phc3.12894.","journal-title":"Philos Compass"},{"key":"1040_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1037\/mot0000066","volume":"3","author":"O Massin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Massin O. Towards a definition of efforts. Motiv Sci. 2017;3:230\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mot0000066.","journal-title":"Motiv Sci"},{"key":"1040_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2016.1188992","volume":"16","author":"B Pageaux","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pageaux B. Perception of effort in exercise science: definition, measurement and perspectives. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16:885\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2016.1188992.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"1040_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steele J. What is (perception of) effort? Objective and subjective effort during attempted task performance. PsyArXiv [Preprint]. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/kbyhm.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/kbyhm"},{"key":"1040_CR22","first-page":"175","volume":"19","author":"JC Colado","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colado JC, Furtado GE, Teixeira AM, Flandez J, Naclerio F. Concurrent and construct validation of a new scale for rating perceived exertion during elastic resistance training in the elderly. J Sports Sci Med. 2020;19:175\u201386.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"1040_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200102000-00019","volume":"15","author":"C Foster","year":"2001","unstructured":"Foster C, Florhaug JA, Franklin J, Gottschall L, Hrovatin LA, Parker S, et al. A new approach to monitoring exercise training. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:109\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/00124278-200102000-00019.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1040_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.710757","volume":"30","author":"DA Hackett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hackett DA, Johnson NA, Halaki M, Chow C-M. A novel scale to assess resistance-exercise effort. J Sports Sci. 2012;30:1405\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2012.710757.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"1040_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000149888.39928.9f","volume":"37","author":"RJ Robertson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robertson RJ, Goss FL, Andreacci JL, Dub\u00e9 JJ, Rutkowski JJ, Snee BM, et al. Validation of the children\u2019s OMNI RPE scale for stepping exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:290\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.mss.0000149888.39928.9f.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1040_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e317","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004361","volume":"37","author":"S van der Zwaard","year":"2023","unstructured":"van der Zwaard S, Hooft Graafland F, van Middelkoop C, Lintmeijer LL. Validity and reliability of facial rating of perceived exertion scales for training load monitoring. J Strength Cond Res. 2023;37:e317-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004361.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1040_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001049","volume":"30","author":"MC Zourdos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zourdos MC, Klemp A, Dolan C, Quiles JM, Schau KA, Jo E, et al. Novel resistance training-specific rating of perceived exertion scale measuring repetitions in reserve. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30:267\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001049.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1040_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.99.3.775-784","volume":"99","author":"RF Gearhart","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gearhart RF, Becque MD, Hutchins MD, Palm CM. Comparison of memory and combined exercise and memory-anchoring procedures on ratings of perceived exertion during short duration, near-peak-intensity cycle ergometer exercise. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;99:775\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.99.3.775-784.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"1040_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haile L, Gallagher M Jr, Robertson RJ. Perceived exertion laboratory manual: From standard practice to contemporary application. 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1917-8"},{"key":"1040_CR30","first-page":"31","volume":"8","author":"RF Gearhart","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gearhart RF. Using ratings of perceived exertion to regulate exercise intensity following different perceptual anchoring. Int SportMed J. 2007;8:31\u20137.","journal-title":"Int SportMed J"},{"key":"1040_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390701819352","volume":"8","author":"RF Gearhart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gearhart RF. Ratings of perceived exertion and oxygen consumption during maximal, graded, treadmill exercise following different anchoring procedures. Eur J Sport Sci. 2008;8:35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461390701819352.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"1040_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.98.3c.1285-1295","volume":"98","author":"KM Lagally","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lagally KM, Costigan EM. Anchoring procedures in reliability of ratings of perceived exertion during resistance exercise. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;98:1285\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.98.3c.1285-1295.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"1040_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000069749.13258.4E","volume":"35","author":"DB Hollander","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hollander DB, Durand RJ, Trynicki JL, Larock D, Castracane VD, Hebert EP, et al. RPE, pain, and physiological adjustment to concentric and eccentric contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1017\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.MSS.0000069749.13258.4E.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1040_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268472","volume":"32","author":"JP Loenneke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loenneke JP, Balapur A, Thrower AD, Barnes JT, Pujol TJ. The perceptual responses to occluded exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32:181\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1268472.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"1040_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001109","volume":"30","author":"DP Looney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Looney DP, Kraemer WJ, Joseph MF, Comstock BA, Denegar CR, Flanagan SD, et al. Electromyographical and perceptual responses to different resistance intensities in a squat protocol: does performing sets to failure with light loads produce the same activity? J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30:792\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001109.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1040_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3052-1","volume":"115","author":"K Martin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin K, Thompson KG, Keegan R, Ball N, Rattray B. Mental fatigue does not affect maximal anaerobic exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115:715\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-014-3052-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1040_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001496","volume":"31","author":"F Naclerio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naclerio F, Larumbe-Zabala E. Loading intensity prediction by velocity and the OMNI-RES 0\u201310 scale in bench press. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31:323\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001496.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1040_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2023.102396","volume":"66","author":"T Malleron","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malleron T, Har-Nir I, Vigotsky AD, Halperin I. Rating of perceived effort but relative to what? A comparison between imposed and self-selected anchors. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2023;66:102396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2023.102396.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"1040_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.33267","volume":"8","author":"D Lakens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lakens D. Sample size justification. Collabra Psychol. 2022;8:33267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/collabra.33267.","journal-title":"Collabra Psychol"},{"key":"1040_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2473011421S00761","volume":"7","author":"ES Maciel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maciel ES, Fonseca L, Inojossa TR, Netto C, Raduan FC, Mansur NS, et al. Isokinetic evaluation in a large cohort of normal ankles. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2022;7:2473011421S00761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2473011421S00761.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Orthop"},{"key":"1040_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.767941","volume":"12","author":"N \u0160arabon","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u0160arabon N, Kozinc \u017d, Perman M. Establishing reference values for isometric knee extension and flexion strength. Front Physiol. 2021;12:767941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.767941.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1040_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-020-01402-4","volume":"85","author":"A Emanuel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emanuel A, Har-Nir I, Rozen Smukas II, Halperin I. The effect of self-selecting the number of repetitions on motor performance and psychological outcomes. Psychol Res. 2021;85:2398\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-020-01402-4.","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"1040_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0566","volume":"10","author":"I Halperin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Halperin I, Pyne DB, Martin DT. Threats to internal validity in exercise science: a review of overlooked confounding variables. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10:823\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0566.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"1040_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2022.2054816","volume":"117","author":"BB McShane","year":"2022","unstructured":"McShane BB, B\u00f6ckenholt U, Hansen KT. Variation and covariation in large-scale replication projects: an evaluation of replicability. J Am Stat Assoc. 2022;117:1605\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.2022.2054816.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"1040_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620966788","volume":"16","author":"N Morina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morina N. Comparisons inform me who I am: a general comparative-processing model of self-perception. Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci. 2021;16:1281\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691620966788.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1040_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12339","volume":"14","author":"N Morina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morina N, Meyer T, Sickinghe M. How do I know how I am doing? Use of different types of comparison in judgment of well-being in patients seeking psychological treatment and healthy controls. Appl Psychol Health Well-Being. 2022;14:1369\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aphw.12339.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well-Being"},{"key":"1040_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104034","volume":"192","author":"F Rigoli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rigoli F. Reference effects on decision-making elicited by previous rewards. Cognition. 2019;192:104034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104034.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1040_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-023-01086-4","volume":"23","author":"F Rigoli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rigoli F, Pezzulo G. The traps of adaptation: addiction as maladaptive referent-dependent evaluation. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2023;23:973\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-023-01086-4.","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"1040_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2005.10.003","volume":"53","author":"N Stewart","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stewart N, Chater N, Brown GDA. Decision by sampling. Cogn Psychol. 2006;53:1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2005.10.003.","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"1040_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.09.008","volume":"15","author":"I Vlaev","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vlaev I, Chater N, Stewart N, Brown GDA. Does the brain calculate value? Trends Cogn Sci. 2011;15:546\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2011.09.008.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1040_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00803-8","volume":"11","author":"A Ben-Ari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ben-Ari A, Silverman Y, Obolski U, Halperin I. On your mark, get set, choose! a randomized cross-over study comparing fixed and self-selected rest periods in interval running among professional female soccer players. Sports Med Open. 2025;11:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-024-00803-8.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01040-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01040-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01040-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T18:13:48Z","timestamp":1780769628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01040-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01040-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-9761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-9761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants gave their voluntary written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tel-Aviv University (approval number: 0005775-2).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Trainee in Fig.\u00a0\n                      \n                      a, b and c, gave his written consent for his image to be used in the publication of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"IH is an Editorial Board member of Sports Medicine Open. However, IH was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for this manuscript nor any subsequent editorial decisions. DO, YS, ADV, and IH declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"63"}}