{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:21:42Z","timestamp":1783164102142,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Daytime acute exercise in the Ramadan-fasted state (without consuming food nor fluids before and during exercise) can lead to exacerbated physiological responses and poorer performance in fasting individuals. Consequently, chronic training adaptations under these conditions are often expected to be suboptimal compared with the same training sessions performed in the fed state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review (supported by a systematic search for Ramadan training-adaptation studies and methodological quality assessment), in contrast, examines whether chronic training in the Ramadan-fasted state may preserve, impair, or in selected contexts possibly augment training-induced adaptations. This premise is informed by adjacent evidence indicating that training in the fasted state has been associated with enhanced training-induced adaptations via greater activation of mitochondrial biogenesis and resulting in higher levels of metabolic enzymes for glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and overall metabolic capacity (in non-Ramadan fasted or carbohydrate-restricted models). Similarly, evidence from adjacent non-Ramadan models suggests that training in a permissive (mild) dehydrated state vis-\u00e0-vis Ramadan fasting may promote positive adaptations via enhanced plasma volume expansion and greater thermoregulatory-physiological response during exercise. The systematic search identified 10 eligible studies, of which six were rated as strong methodological quality and four as moderate quality. Based on these studies, the proposed efficacy of Ramadan-fasted training-induced adaptations remains speculative, although Ramadan-specific studies have reported either improved or preserved training-induced performance outcomes within Ramadan-fasted groups. Compared to non-fasted and fed-state training, there appears to be some support for greater aerobic adaptation in Ramadan-fasted training specifically for middle distance running and running capacity assessed via time-to-exhaustion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, we postulate that training sessions performed in the Ramadan-fasted state, while acutely ergolytic, may not necessarily blunt chronic adaptation when training load, recovery opportunity, and post-exercise nutrition and hydration are well managed. However, the available evidence is limited, heterogeneous, and methodologically constrained. Therefore, Ramadan-fasted training should not be considered generally superior to fed-state training; rather, its potential additional adaptive stimulus remains plausible mainly for selected aerobic outcomes and requires confirmation through well-controlled Ramadan-specific studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-026-01044-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T09:47:33Z","timestamp":1783158453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise Training in the Fasted State During the Month of Ramadan: Acutely Ergolytic but Possibly Chronically Ergogenic? A Narrative Review with Systematic Search and Methodological Quality Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3363-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacky Hou An","family":"Ong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Trabelsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achraf","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8543-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jad Adrian","family":"Washif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus J. C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7013-267X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheong Hwa","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-7678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Chamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-6838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Munir","family":"Che Muhamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ihsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7727-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Rashid","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1044_CR1","first-page":"13","volume":"1","author":"AR Aziz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aziz AR, Png W. Practical tips to exercise training during the Ramadan fasting month. ISN Bull. 2008;1:13\u20139.","journal-title":"ISN Bull"},{"issue":"11","key":"1044_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00886-y","volume":"11","author":"SH Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed SH, Chowdhury TA, Hussain S, et al. Ramadan and diabetes: A narrative review and practice update. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(11):2477\u2013520.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2022.109959","volume":"39","author":"JA Washif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Washif JA, H\u00e9bert-Losier K, Chamari K, et al. Caffeine-carbohydrate mouth-rinsing counter-acts an observed negative effect of mouth-rinsing procedure during sprint-endurance training performance in fasted athletes: A pilot study. Biol Sport. 2022;39(4):865\u201373.","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.34748","volume":"2","author":"K Trabelsi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trabelsi K, Reba\u00ef H, El-Abed K, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on body water status markers after a rugby sevens match. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):186\u201394.","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR5","first-page":"103","volume":"3","author":"L Said","year":"2015","unstructured":"Said L, Ilham Z, Aggour A, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting and triangular exercise progressive on the vigilance, mood and blood glucose in trained athletes. J Nutr Fasting Health. 2015;3(3):103\u201310.","journal-title":"J Nutr Fasting Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2022.2106790","volume":"18","author":"K Trabelsi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Boujelbane MA, et al. Ramadan observance is associated with higher fatigue and lower vigor in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2025;18(1):1\u201328.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"1044_CR7","first-page":"204","volume-title":"Effects of Ramadan fasting on health and athletic performance","author":"VTW Lim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lim VTW, Damit NF, Aziz AR. Recommendations for optimal competitive exercise performance and effective training-induced adaptations when Ramadan fasting. In: Chtourou H, editor. Effects of Ramadan fasting on health and athletic performance. OMICS Group eBooks; 2015. p. 204\u201321."},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000104","volume":"24","author":"RJ Shephard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shephard RJ. Ramadan and the risk of sports injuries. Clin J Sport Med. 2014;24(5):361\u20133.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2017.1393550","volume":"2","author":"AR Aziz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aziz AR, Che Muhamed AM, Ooi CH, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on the physical activity profile of trained Muslim soccer players during a 90-minute match. Sci Med Footb. 2018;2(1):29\u201338.","journal-title":"Sci Med Footb"},{"issue":"10","key":"1044_CR10","first-page":"1114","volume":"97","author":"H Chtourou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chtourou H, Trabelsi K, Boukhris O, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performances in soccer players: A systematic review. Tunis Med. 2019;97(10):1114\u201331.","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4060491","volume":"4","author":"RJ Shephard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shephard RJ. The impact of Ramadan observance upon athletic performance. Nutrients. 2012;4(6):491\u2013505.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"1044_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0080-7","volume":"43","author":"RJ Shephard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shephard RJ. Ramadan and sport: minimizing effects upon the observant athlete. Sports Med. 2013;43(12):1217\u201341.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR13","first-page":"101","volume":"42","author":"K Trabelsi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Boukhris O, et al. Dietary intake and body composition during Ramadan in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2023;42(1):101\u201322.","journal-title":"J Am Nutr Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"1044_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.070425","volume":"44","author":"AR Aziz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aziz AR, Wahid MF, Png W, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on 60 min of endurance running performance in moderately trained men. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(7):516\u201321.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3182293891","volume":"21","author":"J Brisswalter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brisswalter J, Bouhlel E, Falola JM, et al. Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on middle-distance running performance in well-trained runners. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(5):422\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1139\/H09-014","volume":"34","author":"M Chennaoui","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chennaoui M, Desgorces F, Drogou C, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters in middle-distance runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009;34(4):587\u201394.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.34750","volume":"2","author":"R Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh R, Hwa OC, Roy J, et al. Subjective perception of sports performance, training, sleep and dietary patterns of Malaysian junior Muslim athletes during Ramadan intermittent fasting. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):167\u201376.","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01257-0","volume":"50","author":"AE Aba\u00efdia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aba\u00efdia AE, Daab W, Bouzid MA. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020;50(5):1009\u201326.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01586-8","volume":"52","author":"MD DeLang","year":"2022","unstructured":"DeLang MD, Salamh PA, Chtourou H, et al. The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on football players and implications for domestic football leagues over the next decade: A systematic review. Sports Med. 2022;52(3):585\u2013600.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1044_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.071274","volume":"44","author":"I Mujika","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mujika I, Chaouachi A, Chamari K. Precompetition taper and nutritional strategies: special reference to training during Ramadan intermittent fast. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(7):495\u2013501.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1044_CR21","first-page":"242","volume-title":"From training to performance in soccer","author":"AJ Coutts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coutts AJ, Chamari K, Rampinini E, et al. Monitoring training in football: measuring and periodising training. In: Dellal A, editor., et al., From training to performance in soccer. De Boeck Universit\u00e9; 2008. p. 242\u201363."},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0633-2","volume":"102","author":"Y Meckel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meckel Y, Ismaeel A, Eliakim A. The effect of the Ramadan fast on physical performance and dietary habits in adolescent soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;102(6):651\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.032037","volume":"41","author":"Y Zerguini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zerguini Y, Kirkendall D, Junge A, et al. Impact of Ramadan on physical performance in professional soccer players. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(6):398\u2013400.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1044_CR24","first-page":"1095","volume":"97","author":"K Chamari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chamari K, Roussi M, Bragazzi NL, et al. Optimizing training and competition during the month of Ramadan: recommendations for a holistic and personalized approach for the fasting athletes. Tunis Med. 2019;97(10):1095\u2013103.","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"1044_CR25","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Effects of Ramadan fasting on health and athletic performance","author":"NF Damit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Damit NF, Lim VTW, Che Muhamed AM, et al. Exercise responses and training during daytime fasting in the month of Ramadan and its impact on training-induced adaptations. In: Chtourou H, editor., et al., Effects of Ramadan fasting on health and athletic performance. OMICS Group eBooks; 2015. p. 3\u201312."},{"issue":"8","key":"1044_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.708375","volume":"29","author":"AR Aziz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aziz AR, Chia MY, Low CY, et al. Conducting an acute intense interval exercise session during the Ramadan fasting month: what is the optimal time of the day? Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(8):1139\u201350.","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.3.254","volume":"8","author":"A Aloui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aloui A, Chaouachi A, Chtourou H, et al. Effects of Ramadan on the diurnal variations of repeated-sprint performances. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(3):254\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318275d213","volume":"23","author":"H Bouhlel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouhlel H, Shephard RJ, Gmada N, et al. Effect of Ramadan observance on maximal muscular performance of trained men. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23(3):222\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.34757","volume":"2","author":"H Chtourou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Souissi H, et al. The effect of Ramadan fasting on physical performances, mood state and perceived exertion in young footballers. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):177\u201385.","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"1044_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802392723","volume":"26","author":"JB Leiper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leiper JB, Maughan RJ, Kirkendall DT, et al. The F-MARC study on Ramadan and football: research design, population, and environmental conditions. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(Suppl. 3):S7\u201313.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.03.003","volume":"11","author":"SR Stannard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stannard SR, Thompson MW. The effect of participation in Ramadan on substrate selection during submaximal cycling exercise. J Sci Med Sport. 2008;11(5):510\u20137.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1260\/1747-9541.6.1.87","volume":"6","author":"AR Aziz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aziz AR, Chia MY, Singh R, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on perceived exercise intensity during high-intensity interval training in elite youth soccer players. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2011;6(1):87\u201398.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2011.03.004","volume":"27","author":"AR Aziz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aziz AR, Slater GJ, Chia MY, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on training induced adaptations to a seven-week high-intensity interval exercise programme. Sci Sport. 2012;27(1):31\u20138.","journal-title":"Sci Sport"},{"key":"1044_CR34","first-page":"68","volume":"84","author":"K Havenetidis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Havenetidis K. Ramadan fasting and endurance running performance in army officer cadets. Int Rev Armed Forces Med Serv. 2011;84:68\u201372.","journal-title":"Int Rev Armed Forces Med Serv"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1260\/1747-9541.10.1.51","volume":"10","author":"K Havenetidis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Havenetidis K. Exercise performance and recovery of Muslim endurance athletes during Ramadan fasting. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2015;10(1):51\u201368.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"1044_CR36","unstructured":"Kinugasa T, Nair G and Aziz AR. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance and psychological characteristics in youth soccer players. In: Proceedings of the III International Conference of Physical Education and Sports Science (eds M Chia, J Wang, G Balasekaran and N Chatzisarantis), Singapore, 25\u201328 May 2010, pp. 292\u2013297. Singapore: National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"1044_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802422199","volume":"26","author":"DT Kirkendall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kirkendall DT, Leiper JB, Bartagi Z, et al. The influence of Ramadan on physical performance measures in young Muslim footballers. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(Suppl. 3):S15\u201327.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR38","first-page":"205","volume":"2","author":"R Kordi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kordi R, Abdollahi M, Memari AH, et al. Investigating two different training time frames during Ramadan fasting. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(4):205\u201310.","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.920926","volume":"15","author":"JD Bartlett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bartlett JD, Hawley JA, Morton JP. Carbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: too much of a good thing? Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(1):3\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1044_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1343","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00004.2012","volume":"302","author":"A Philp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Philp A, Hargreaves M, Baar K. More than a store: regulatory roles for glycogen in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;302(11):E1343\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2016.1216255","volume":"3","author":"AP Akerman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akerman AP, Tipton M, Minson CT, et al. Heat stress and dehydration in adapting for performance: good, bad, both, or neither? Temperature. 2016;3(3):412\u201336.","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30808-4","volume":"13","author":"C Benavente","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benavente C, Schoenfeld BJ, Padial P, et al. Efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia on muscle hypertrophy and strength development: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):3676.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002963","volume":"33","author":"H Bennett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bennett H, Slattery F. Effects of blood flow restriction training on aerobic capacity and performance: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(2):572\u201383.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1044_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000630","volume":"47","author":"F Brocherie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brocherie F, Millet GP, Hauser A, et al. \u201cLive high-train low and high\u201d hypoxic training improves team-sport performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(10):2140\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"7","key":"1044_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0178-6","volume":"44","author":"S Chalmers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chalmers S, Esterman A, Eston R, et al. Short-term heat acclimation training improves physical performance: a systematic review, and exploration of physiological adaptations and application for team sports. Sports Med. 2014;44(7):971\u201388.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H750","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00138.2015","volume":"309","author":"S Keiser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keiser S, Fl\u00fcck D, H\u00fcppin F, et al. Heat training increases exercise capacity in hot but not in temperate conditions: a mechanistic counter-balanced cross-over study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;309(5):H750\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00495.2010","volume":"109","author":"S Lorenzo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lorenzo S, Halliwill JR, Sawka MN, et al. Heat acclimation improves exercise performance. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(4):1140\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12099","volume":"34","author":"RP Lowery","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lowery RP, Joy JM, Loenneke JP, et al. Practical blood flow restriction training increases muscle hypertrophy during a periodized resistance training programme. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2014;34(4):317\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"issue":"9","key":"1044_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0204-8","volume":"44","author":"BD McLean","year":"2014","unstructured":"McLean BD, Gore CJ, Kemp J. Application of \u201clive low-train high\u201d for enhancing normoxic exercise performance in team sport athletes. Sports Med. 2014;44(9):1275\u201387.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1044_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01239","volume":"10","author":"JCG Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva JCG, Pereira Neto EA, Pfeiffer PAS, et al. Acute and chronic responses of aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction: a systematic review. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1239.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2010.02.013","volume":"52","author":"M Vogt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vogt M, Hoppeler H. Is hypoxia training good for muscles and exercise performance? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;52(6):525\u201333.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1044_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520964454","volume":"49","author":"RJ Wortman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wortman RJ, Brown SM, Savage-Elliott I, et al. Blood flow restriction training for athletes: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(7):1938\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"1044_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183860","volume":"14","author":"Z Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai Z, Zhang H, Wu F, et al. Effects of 10-day complete fasting on physiological homeostasis, nutrition and health markers in male adults. Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3860.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"1044_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200817","volume":"13","author":"AM Bak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bak AM, Vendelbo MH, Christensen B, et al. Prolonged fasting-induced metabolic signatures in human skeletal muscle of lean and obese men. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0200817.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1044_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-4609-8_24","volume-title":"Muscle metabolism during exercise","author":"E Hultman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hultman E, Bergstr\u00f6m J, Roch-Norlund AE. Glycogen storage in human skeletal muscle. In: Pernow B, Saltin B, editors. Muscle metabolism during exercise. Springer; 1971. p. 273\u201388."},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55418-0","volume":"16","author":"KJ Kolnes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kolnes KJ, Nilsen ETF, Brufladt S, et al. Effects of seven days\u2019 fasting on physical performance and metabolic adaptation during exercise in humans. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):122.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.6.2502","volume":"63","author":"DC Nieman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nieman DC, Carlson KA, Brandstater ME, et al. Running endurance in 27-h-fasted humans. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63(6):2502\u20139.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-021-00821-1","volume":"71","author":"K Iwayama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iwayama K, Tanabe Y, Tanji F, et al. Diurnal variations in muscle and liver glycogen differ depending on the timing of exercise. J Physiol Sci. 2021;71(1):35.","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00857.2014","volume":"119","author":"SC Lane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lane SC, Camera DM, Lassiter DG, et al. Effects of sleeping with reduced carbohydrate availability on acute training responses. J Appl Physiol. 2015;119(6):643\u201355.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"1044_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.585473","volume":"29","author":"LM Burke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, et al. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(Suppl. 1):S17\u201327.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.005","volume":"15","author":"J Charest","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charest J, Grandner MA. Sleep and athletic performance: impacts on physical performance, mental performance, injury risk and recovery, and mental health. Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(1):41\u201357.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.04.017","volume":"77","author":"M Dattilo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dattilo M, Antunes HK, Medeiros A, et al. Sleep and muscle recovery: endocrinological and molecular basis for a new and promising hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2011;77(2):220\u20132.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-1-4","volume":"1","author":"S Schiaffino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schiaffino S, Mammucari C. Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the IGF1-Akt\/PKB pathway: insights from genetic models. Skelet Muscle. 2011;1(1):4.","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1044_CR64","first-page":"1","volume":"94","author":"E Hultman","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hultman E. Studies on muscle metabolism of glycogen and active phosphate in man with special reference to exercise and diet. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1967;94(Suppl):1\u201363.","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"1044_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0941-1","volume":"48","author":"JL Areta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Areta JL, Hopkins WG. Skeletal muscle glycogen content at rest and during endurance exercise in humans: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(9):2091\u2013102.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR66","first-page":"333","volume":"52","author":"KG Alberti","year":"1977","unstructured":"Alberti KG, Johnston DG. Cortisol and catabolism: a new perspective. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1977;52(4):333\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Sci Mol Med"},{"key":"1044_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.03.052","volume":"67","author":"T Ghaffar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghaffar T, Ubaldi F, Valeriani F, et al. A review of the impact of intermittent Ramadan fasting on wellbeing, nutrition and physical performance in different sports. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2025;67:585\u201398.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200102000-00021","volume":"33","author":"NK Stepto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stepto NK, Martin DT, Fallon KE, et al. Metabolic demands of intense aerobic interval training in competitive cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(2):303\u201310.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.5.1923","volume":"64","author":"JJ Knapik","year":"1988","unstructured":"Knapik JJ, Meredith CN, Jones BH, et al. Influence of fasting on carbohydrate and fat metabolism during rest and exercise in men. J Appl Physiol. 1988;64(5):1923\u20139.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1044_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12483","volume":"3","author":"HM Logan-Sprenger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Logan-Sprenger HM, Heigenhauser GJ, Jones GL, et al. The effect of dehydration on muscle metabolism and time trial performance during prolonged cycling in males. Physiol Rep. 2015;3(8):e12483.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"1044_CR71","unstructured":"Aziz AR, Chia M, Wahid MF, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on maximal bench press strength performance in trained athletes. In: Proceedings of the III International Conference of Physical Education and Sports Science (eds M Chia, J Wang, G Balasekaran and N Chatzisarantis), Singapore, 25\u201328 May 2010, pp. 101\u2013107. Singapore: National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University."},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2014.886187","volume":"65","author":"W Png","year":"2014","unstructured":"Png W, Bhaskaran K, Sinclair AJ, et al. Effects of ingesting low glycemic index carbohydrate food for the sahur meal on subjective, metabolic and physiological responses, and endurance performance in Ramadan fasted men. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;65(5):629\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"1044_CR73","first-page":"146","volume":"50","author":"J Faye","year":"2005","unstructured":"Faye J, Fall A, Badji L, et al. Effects of Ramadan fast on weight, performance and glycemia during training for resistance. Dakar Med. 2005;50:146\u201351.","journal-title":"Dakar Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-013-0163-8","volume":"10","author":"AR Aziz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aziz AR, Png W, Che Muhamed AM, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on substrate oxidation, physiological and perceptual responses during submaximal intensity running in active men. Sport Sci Health. 2014;10(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)90374-3","volume":"49","author":"RJ Sigal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sigal RJ, Fisher SJ, Manzon A, et al. Glucoregulation during and after intense exercise: effects of \u03b1-adrenergic blockade. Metabolism. 2000;49(3):386\u201394.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR76","first-page":"E1130","volume":"276","author":"K Howlett","year":"1999","unstructured":"Howlett K, Febbraio M, Hargreaves M. Glucose production during strenuous exercise in humans: role of epinephrine. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(6):E1130\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1044_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197003192821209","volume":"282","author":"GF Cahill Jr.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Cahill GF Jr. Starvation in man. N Engl J Med. 1970;282(12):668\u201375.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E543","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00232.2016","volume":"311","author":"JT Gonzalez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, Betts JA, et al. Liver glycogen metabolism during and after prolonged endurance-type exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016;311(3):E543\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517309084355","volume":"32","author":"LH Nilsson","year":"1973","unstructured":"Nilsson LH, Hultman E. Liver glycogen in man \u2013 - the effect of total starvation or a carbohydrate-poor diet followed by carbohydrate refeeding. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1973;32(4):325\u201330.","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0276","volume":"39","author":"AM Che Muhamed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Che Muhamed AM, Mohamed NG, Ismail N, et al. Mouth rinsing improves cycling endurance performance during Ramadan fasting in a hot humid environment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;39(4):458\u201364.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.6.1.8","volume":"6","author":"R Beneke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beneke R, Leith\u00e4user RM, Ochentel O. Blood lactate diagnostics in exercise testing and training. Int J Sport Physiol Perform. 2011;6(1):8\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.5.1684","volume":"87","author":"BC Bergman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bergman BC, Wolfel EE, Butterfield GE, et al. Active muscle and whole body lactate kinetics after endurance training in men. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87(5):1684\u201396.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00838647","volume":"72","author":"A Casey","year":"1996","unstructured":"Casey A, Short AH, Curtis S, et al. The effect of glycogen availability on power output and the metabolic response to repeated bouts of maximal, isokinetic exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;72(3):249\u201355.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.3.514","volume":"47","author":"SS Segal","year":"1979","unstructured":"Segal SS, Brooks GA. Effects of glycogen depletion and work load on postexercise O2 consumption and blood lactate. J Appl Physiol. 1979;47(3):514\u201321.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"1044_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000066413","volume":"11","author":"J Ramadan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ramadan J. Does fasting during Ramadan alter body composition, blood constituents and physical performance? Med Princ Pract. 2002;11(Suppl. 2):41\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.1122","volume":"21","author":"J Ramadan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ramadan J, Barac-Nieto M. Cardio-respiratory responses to moderately heavy aerobic exercise during the Ramadan fast. Saudi Med J. 2000;21(3):238\u201344.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"1044_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(99)00145-8","volume":"15","author":"J Ramadan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ramadan J, Telahoun G, Al-Zaid NS, et al. Responses to exercise, fluid and energy balance during Ramadan in sedentary and active males. Nutrition. 1999;15(9):735\u20139.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"1044_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802526924","volume":"26","author":"JB Leiper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leiper JB, Watson P, Evans G, et al. Intensity of a training session during Ramadan in fasting and non-fasting Tunisian youth football players. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(Suppl. 3):S71\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR89","first-page":"88","volume":"29","author":"EF Coyle","year":"2001","unstructured":"Coyle EF, Gonz\u00e1lez-Alonso J. Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise: new perspectives. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2001;29(2):88\u201392.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"1044_CR90","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine: prolonged exercise","author":"P Raven","year":"1988","unstructured":"Raven P, Stevens G. Cardiovascular function during prolonged exercise. In: Lamb D, Murray R, editors. Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine: prolonged exercise. Indianapolis: Benchmark Press; 1988. p. 43\u201371."},{"issue":"7","key":"1044_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.071712","volume":"44","author":"J Waterhouse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Waterhouse J. Effects of Ramadan on physical performance: chronobiological considerations. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(7):509\u201315.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1044_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181bc17fc","volume":"23","author":"A Chaouachi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaouachi A, Coutts AJ, Chamari K, et al. Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on aerobic and anaerobic performance and perception of fatigue in male elite judo athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(9):2702\u20139.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2013.780697","volume":"44","author":"A Aloui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aloui A, Chtourou H, Hammouda O, et al. Effects of Ramadan on the diurnal variations of physical performance and perceived exertion in adolescent soccer players. Biol Rhythm Res. 2013;44(6):869\u201375.","journal-title":"Biol Rhythm Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1286251","volume":"33","author":"H Chtourou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Chaouachi A, et al. The effect of time-of-day and Ramadan fasting on anaerobic performances. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(2):142\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"1044_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-011-0042-9","volume":"29","author":"A Guvenc","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guvenc A. Effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition, aerobic performance and lactate, heart rate and perceptual responses in young soccer players. J Hum Kinet. 2011;29:79\u201391.","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"1044_CR96","first-page":"291","volume":"76","author":"L Gu\u00e9ye","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9ye L, Seck D, Samb A, et al. Physiological adaptations to exercise during a short-term fasting. Scr Medica (Brno). 2003;76:291\u20136.","journal-title":"Scr Medica (Brno)"},{"key":"1044_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2011.09.006","volume":"27","author":"O Girard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Girard O, Farooq A. Effects of Ramadan fasting on repeated sprint ability in young children. Sci Sport. 2011;27:237\u201340.","journal-title":"Sci Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520701661914","volume":"24","author":"N Souissi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Souissi N, Souissi H, Sahli S, et al. Effect of Ramadan on the diurnal variation in short-term high power output. Chronobiol Int. 2007;24(5):991\u20131007.","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR99","first-page":"341","volume":"69","author":"AX Bigard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bigard AX, Boussif M, Chalabi H, et al. Alterations in muscular performance and orthostatic tolerance during Ramadan. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1998;69(4):341\u20136.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"1044_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01748-2","volume":"53","author":"M Behrens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Behrens M, Gube M, Chaabene H, et al. Fatigue and human performance: an updated framework. Sports Med. 2023;53:7\u201331.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"1044_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719656","volume":"26","author":"B Murray","year":"2007","unstructured":"Murray B. Hydration and physical performance. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26(5 Suppl):542S-548S.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1044_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737100-00006","volume":"37","author":"DA Judelson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Judelson DA, Maresh CM, Anderson JM, et al. Hydration and muscular performance: does fluid balance affect strength, power and high-intensity endurance? Sports Med. 2007;37(10):907\u201321.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041149","volume":"91","author":"SM Shirreffs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shirreffs SM, Merson SJ, Fraser SM, et al. The effects of fluid restriction on hydration status and subjective feelings in man. Br J Nutr. 2004;91(6):951\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1044_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00756","volume":"8","author":"AP Akerman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akerman AP, Lucas SJ, Katare R, et al. Heat and dehydration additively enhance cardiovascular outcomes following orthostatically-stressful calisthenics exercise. Front Physiol. 2017;8:756.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1044_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01562","volume":"9","author":"OR Barley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barley OR, Chapman DW, Blazevich AJ, et al. Acute dehydration impairs endurance without modulating neuromuscular function. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1562.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106826","volume":"58","author":"K Trabelsi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Boukhris O, et al. Ramadan intermittent fasting and its association with health-related indices and exercise test performance in athletes and physically active individuals: An overview of systematic reviews. Br J Sports Med. 2024;58(3):136\u201343.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/sports5010004","volume":"5","author":"AR Aziz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aziz AR, Che Muhamed AM, Roslan SR, et al. Poorer intermittent sprints performance in Ramadan-fasted Muslim footballers despite controlling for pre-exercise dietary intake, sleep and training load. Sports. 2017;5(1):4.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR108","first-page":"1","volume":"36","author":"H Gueldich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gueldich H, Zghal F, Borji R, et al. The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on the underlying mechanisms of force production capacity during maximal isometric voluntary contraction. Chronobiol Int. 2019;36(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2012.730891","volume":"44","author":"N Zarrouk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zarrouk N, Hug F, Hammouda O, et al. Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on body composition and neuromuscular performance in young athletes: a pilot study. Biol Rhythm Res. 2013;44(5):697\u2013709.","journal-title":"Biol Rhythm Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827613502444","volume":"8","author":"JL Ivy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ivy JL, Ferguson-Stegall LM. Nutrient timing: the means to improved exercise performance, recovery, and training adaptation. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2013;8(4):246\u201359.","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1044_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02149","volume":"209","author":"M Fl\u00fcck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcck M. Functional, structural and molecular plasticity of mammalian skeletal muscle in response to exercise stimuli. J Exp Biol. 2006;209(12):2239\u201348.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"1044_CR112","volume-title":"Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields","author":"LM Kmet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kmet LM, Cook LS, Lee RC. Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields, vol. Vol. HTA #13. Edmonton: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (AHFMR); 2004."},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0268","volume":"18","author":"R Triki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Triki R, Zouhal H, Chtourou H, et al. Timing of resistance training during Ramadan fasting and its effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Int J Sport Physiol Perform. 2023;18(6):579\u201389.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2016.1276271","volume":"48","author":"L Bouguerra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bouguerra L, Ben Abderrahman A, Chtourou H, et al. The effect of time-of-day of training during Ramadan on physiological parameters in highly trained endurance athletes. Biol Rhythm Res. 2017;48(4):541\u201355.","journal-title":"Biol Rhythm Res"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"1044_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802428097","volume":"26","author":"SM Shirreffs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Water and salt balance in young male football players in training during the holy month of Ramadan. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(Suppl. 3):S47\u201354.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90882.2008","volume":"105","author":"WK Yeo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yeo WK, Paton CD, Garnham AP, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105(5):1462\u201370.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"1044_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.680484","volume":"30","author":"LM Burke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burke LM, King C. Ramadan fasting and the goals of sports nutrition around exercise. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(Suppl. 1):S21\u201331.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.1.11","volume":"22","author":"K Trabelsi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trabelsi K, El Abed K, Stannard SR, et al. Effects of fed- versus fasted-state aerobic training during Ramadan on body composition and some metabolic parameters in physically active men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(1):11\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.4.267","volume":"22","author":"K Trabelsi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trabelsi K, Stannard SR, Maughan RJ, et al. Effect of resistance training during Ramadan on body composition and markers of renal function, metabolism, inflammation, and immunity in recreational bodybuilders. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(4):267\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-10-23","volume":"10","author":"K Trabelsi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trabelsi K, Stannard SR, Ghlissi Z, et al. Effect of fed- versus fasted state resistance training during Ramadan on body composition and selected metabolic parameters in bodybuilders. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):23.","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1044_CR121","first-page":"990","volume":"58","author":"A Aloui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aloui A, Driss T, Baklouti H, et al. Repeated-sprint training in the fasted state during Ramadan: morning or evening training? J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(7\u20138):990\u20137.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13054","volume":"28","author":"TP Aird","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aird TP, Davies RW, Carson BP. Effects of fasted vs fed-state exercise on performance and post-exercise metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(5):1476\u201393.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR123","first-page":"56","volume":"1","author":"J Swann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Swann J, Salimrouhi E. Fasting and exercise: effects on cellular adaptation, performance, and recovery. Basic Clin Biochem Nutr. 2025;1(2):56\u201365.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"1044_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516003160","volume":"116","author":"AF Vieira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vieira AF, Costa RR, Macedo RCO, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise performed in fasted v. fed state on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2016;116(7):1153\u201364.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1044_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S224919","volume":"11","author":"H Zouhal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zouhal H, Saeidi A, Salhi A, et al. Exercise training and fasting: current insights. Open Access J Sports Med. 2020;11:1\u201328.","journal-title":"Open Access J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00799.2006","volume":"102","author":"K De Bock","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Bock K, Derave W, Ramaekers M, et al. Fiber type-specific muscle glycogen sparing due to carbohydrate intake before and during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(1):183\u20138.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1044_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen AK, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, et al 2005 Skeletal muscle adaptation: Training twice every second day vs. training once daily. J Appl Physiol 98 1 93\u201399.","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00163.2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030298","volume":"10","author":"MA Hearris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hearris MA, Hammond KM, Fell JM, et al. Regulation of muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise: implications for endurance performance and training adaptations. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):298.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.3.657","volume":"52","author":"H Pilegaard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pilegaard H, Saltin B, Neufer PD. Effect of short-term fasting and refeeding on transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes. 2003;52(3):657\u201362.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01195.2007","volume":"104","author":"K De Bock","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Bock K, Derave W, Eijnde BO, et al. Effect of training in the fasted state on metabolic responses during exercise with carbohydrate intake. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(4):1045\u201355.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00907.2010","volume":"110","author":"K Van Proeyen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, et al. Beneficial metabolic adaptations due to endurance exercise training in the fasted state. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110(1):236\u201345.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.2.654","volume":"61","author":"SF Loy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Loy SF, Conlee RK, Winder WW, et al. Effects of 24-hour fast on cycling endurance time at two different intensities. J Appl Physiol. 1986;61(2):654\u20139.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1044_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.072181","volume":"44","author":"RJ Maughan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maughan RJ, Fallah J, Coyle EF. The effects of fasting on metabolism and performance. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(7):490\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199316040-00004","volume":"16","author":"LF Arag\u00f3n-Vargas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arag\u00f3n-Vargas LF. Effects of fasting on endurance exercise. Sports Med. 1993;16(4):255\u201365.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010168","volume":"16","author":"J Conde-Pip\u00f3","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conde-Pip\u00f3 J, Mora-Fernandez A, Martinez-Bebia M, et al. Intermittent fasting: does it affect sports performance? A systematic review. Nutrients. 2024;16(1):168.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70317-8","volume":"32","author":"E Bouhlel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bouhlel E, Salhi Z, Bouhlel H, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on fuel oxidation during exercise in trained male rugby players. Diabetes Metab. 2006;32(6):617\u201324.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2015-000047","volume":"1","author":"KJ Hetlelid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hetlelid KJ, Plews DJ, Herold E, et al. Rethinking the role of fat oxidation: substrate utilisation during high-intensity interval training in well-trained and recreationally trained runners. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2015;1(1):e000047.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1044_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181dd5070","volume":"42","author":"CJ Hulston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hulston CJ, Venables MC, Mann CH, et al. Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(11):2046\u201355.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00003.2009","volume":"106","author":"JP Morton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morton JP, Croft L, Bartlett JD, et al. Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(5):1513\u201321.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051390","volume":"12","author":"JM Correia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correia JM, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, et al. Effects of intermittent fasting on specific exercise performance outcomes: A systematic review including meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1390.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"14","key":"1044_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1039fje","volume":"18","author":"MH Chan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chan MH, McGee SL, Watt MJ, et al. Altering dietary nutrient intake that reduces glycogen content leads to phosphorylation of nuclear p38 MAP kinase in human skeletal muscle: association with IL-6 gene transcription during contraction. FASEB J. 2004;18(14):1785\u20137.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00659.2009","volume":"108","author":"AJ Cochran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cochran AJ, Little JP, Tarnopolsky MA, et al. Carbohydrate feeding during recovery alters the skeletal muscle metabolic response to repeated sessions of high-intensity interval exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(3):628\u201336.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00435-3","volume":"18","author":"KD Gejl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gejl KD, Nybo L. Performance effects of periodized carbohydrate restriction in endurance trained athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):37.","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.049353","volume":"95","author":"WK Yeo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yeo WK, McGee SL, Carey AL, et al. Acute signalling responses to intense endurance training commenced with low or normal muscle glycogen. Exp Physiol. 2010;95(2):351\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"1044_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02119-9","volume":"55","author":"J Diaz-Lara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Diaz-Lara J, Prieto-Bellver G, Guadalupe-Grau A, et al. Responses to exercise with low carbohydrate availability on muscle glycogen and cell signaling: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2025;55:79\u2013100.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"29","key":"1044_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705070104","volume":"104","author":"S J\u00e4ger","year":"2007","unstructured":"J\u00e4ger S, Handschin C, St-Pierre J, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) action in skeletal muscle via direct phosphorylation of PGC-1\u03b1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(29):12017\u201322.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"1044_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10605","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.211466","volume":"286","author":"A Safdar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Safdar A, Little JP, Stokl AJ, et al. Exercise increases mitochondrial PGC-1alpha content and promotes nuclear-mitochondrial cross-talk to coordinate mitochondrial biogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(12):10605\u201317.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00913.2018","volume":"126","author":"MA Hearris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hearris MA, Hammond KM, Seaborne RA, et al. Graded reductions in preexercise muscle glycogen impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling: implications for CHO periodization. J Appl Physiol. 2019;126(6):1732\u201343.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2504-8","volume":"113","author":"N Psilander","year":"2012","unstructured":"Psilander N, Frank P, Flockhart M, et al. Exercise with low glycogen increases PGC-1\u03b1 gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;113(4):951\u201363.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1044_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.03.008","volume":"54","author":"H Pilegaard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pilegaard H, Osada T, Andersen LT, et al. Substrate availability and transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. Metabolism. 2005;54(8):1048\u201355.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR151","first-page":"R450","volume":"304","author":"JD Bartlett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bartlett JD, Louhelainen J, Iqbal Z, et al. Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signaling in human skeletal muscle: implications for mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Physiol. 2013;304(6):R450\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.90346.2008","volume":"37","author":"A Saleem","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saleem A, Adhihetty PJ, Hood DA. Role of p53 in mitochondrial biogenesis and apoptosis in skeletal muscle. Physiol Genomics. 2009;37(1):58\u201366.","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1289-x","volume":"108","author":"L Deldicque","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deldicque L, De Bock K, Maris M, et al. Increased p70s6k phosphorylation during intake of a protein-carbohydrate drink following resistance exercise in the fasted state. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(4):791\u2013800.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR154","first-page":"73","volume":"6","author":"CE Stewart","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stewart CE, Rittweger J. Adaptive processes in skeletal muscle: molecular regulators and genetic influences. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2006;6(1):73\u201386.","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0588-3","volume":"102","author":"NE Zanchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zanchi NE, Lancha AH. Mechanical stimuli of skeletal muscle: implications on mTOR\/p70s6k and protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(3):253\u201363.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1044_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000233797.24035.35","volume":"38","author":"SC Bodine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bodine SC. mTOR signaling and the molecular adaptation to resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(11):1950\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1044_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00788","volume":"8","author":"MS Yoon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yoon MS. mTOR as a key regulator in maintaining skeletal muscle mass. Front Physiol. 2017;8:788.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.00301.x","volume":"535","author":"B Esmarck","year":"2001","unstructured":"Esmarck B, Andersen JL, Olsen S, et al. Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans. J Physiol. 2001;535(1):301\u201311.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E392","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00582.2007","volume":"294","author":"HC Dreyer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Pennings B, et al. Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;294(2):E392\u2013400.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.34775","volume":"2","author":"K Trabelsi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trabelsi K, El Abed K, Trepanowski JF, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):134\u201344.","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104750","volume":"42","author":"JO Davis","year":"1963","unstructured":"Davis JO, Urquhart J, Higgins JT Jr. The effects of alteration of plasma sodium and potassium concentration on aldosterone secretion. J Clin Invest. 1963;42(5):597\u2013609.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-43-4-658","volume":"43","author":"JA Luetscher Jr.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Luetscher JA Jr., Curtis RH. Aldosterone: observations on the regulation of sodium and potassium balance. Ann Intern Med. 1955;43(4):658\u201366.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1044_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.051771","volume":"44","author":"T Hew-Butler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hew-Butler T, Noakes TD, Soldin SJ, et al. Acute changes in arginine vasopressin, sweat, urine and serum sodium concentrations in exercising humans: does a coordinated homeostatic relationship exist? Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(10):710\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1044_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181641c04","volume":"40","author":"TD Chinevere","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chinevere TD, Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, et al. Effect of heat acclimation on sweat minerals. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(5):886\u201391.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422171","volume":"46","author":"A Geyssant","year":"1981","unstructured":"Geyssant A, Geelen G, Denis C, et al. Plasma vasopressin, renin activity, and aldosterone: effect of exercise and training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1981;46(1):21\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1044_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12526","volume":"26","author":"RA Neal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neal RA, Corbett J, Massey HC, et al. Effect of short-term heat acclimation with permissive dehydration on thermoregulation and temperate exercise performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;26(8):875\u201384.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"1044_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2153-3","volume":"112","author":"AT Garrett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garrett AT, Creasy R, Rehrer NJ, et al. Effectiveness of short-term heat acclimation for highly trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112:1827\u201337.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1044_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2165\/11587320-000000000-00000","volume":"41","author":"AT Garrett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garrett AT, Rehrer NJ, Patterson MJ. Induction and decay of short-term heat acclimation in moderately and highly trained athletes. Sports Med. 2011;41(9):757\u201371.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1044_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12408","volume":"25","author":"JD P\u00e9riard","year":"2015","unstructured":"P\u00e9riard JD, Racinais S, Sawka MN. Adaptations and mechanisms of human heat acclimation: applications for competitive athletes and sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(Suppl 1):20\u201338.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"1044_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.02.002","volume":"196","author":"JD P\u00e9riard","year":"2016","unstructured":"P\u00e9riard JD, Travers GJS, Racinais S, et al. Cardiovascular adaptations supporting human exercise-heat acclimation. Auton Neurosci. 2016;196:52\u201362.","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22509","volume":"26","author":"AT Garrett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garrett AT, Goosens NG, Rehrer NJ, et al. Short-term heat acclimation is effective and may be enhanced rather than impaired by dehydration. Am J Hum Biol. 2014;26(3):311\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"1044_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.01.018","volume":"110","author":"JT Costello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Costello JT, Rendell RA, Furber M, et al. Effects of acute or chronic heat exposure, exercise and dehydration on plasma cortisol, IL-6 and CRP levels in trained males. Cytokine. 2018;110:277\u201383.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2018043","volume":"59","author":"SY Tan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tan SY, Yip A. Hans Selye (1907\u20131982): founder of the stress theory. Singapore Med J. 2018;59(4):170\u20131.","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13319","volume":"29","author":"WA Pethick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pethick WA, Murray HJ, McFadyen P, et al. Effects of hydration status during heat acclimation on plasma volume and performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(2):189\u201399.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"1044_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00564","volume":"7","author":"RA Neal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neal RA, Massey HC, Tipton MJ, et al. Effect of permissive dehydration on induction and decay of heat acclimation, and temperate exercise performance. Front Physiol. 2016;7:564.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1044_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.740121","volume":"12","author":"G Travers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Travers G, Gonz\u00e1lez-Alonso J, Riding N, et al. Exercise heat acclimation with dehydration does not affect vascular and cardiac volumes or systemic hemodynamics during endurance exercise. Front Physiol. 2021;12:740121.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1044_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030841","volume":"13","author":"A Haroutounian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haroutounian A, Amorim FT, Astorino TA, et al. Change in exercise performance and markers of acute kidney injury following heat acclimation with permissive dehydration. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):841.","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01044-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01044-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01044-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:02:11Z","timestamp":1783162931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01044-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01044-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-9761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-9761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"None declared.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"89"}}