{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:04:49Z","timestamp":1789884289374,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical inactivity is a public health crisis that is influenced by practical barriers in childhood. We define a category of interventions that can reduce barriers, with exergames being one example. There is mixed evidence on fundamental movement skills effects, due to variability in experimental outcomes, that may be limiting usage. This meta-analysis identifies the source of that variability to determine the effect of exergames on fundamental movement skills.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide a comprehensive evidence base, we systematically surveyed 10 research databases \/ search engines (PubMed, APA PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Scopus, Proquest, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) to identify studies of the post-intervention effects of exergames upon children's fundamental movement skills, published between Jan 2000 and Dec 2025. Records were identified through boolean search terms and then manual reviews of abstracts and full text. We used set theory and order theory, in an approach we call systematic hypothesis testing, to explore all explanations for fundamental movement skills variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 17 statistically significant comparisons from 12 studies were identified. Comparisons between groups involved variance in coaching levels, activity structure levels, and whether the activity was an exergame or not. This study demonstrates that variability in fundamental movement skills effects is explained by coaching and activity structure, rather than exergame status. There was no evidence of a differential effect for skill components.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low-barrier exergames, as defined in our taxonomy of exergame types, are just as effective as traditional activity for fundamental movement skills adaptation. They should be freely chosen by teachers and parents, to overcome the practical challenges that are spiralling into physically inactive lifestyles. This study provides a taxonomy and model of statistically significant effects that future research should use to manage the methodological variability that has made building upon previous findings challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-026-01081-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:16:56Z","timestamp":1789881416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Exergames on Fundamental Movement Skills in Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2517-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3623-6598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connah","family":"Kendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7262-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Ives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7681-4287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moi Hoon","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","volume":"10","author":"R Guthold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1\u20139 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;10(6):e1077\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","volume":"1","author":"R Guthold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull F. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;1(4):23\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"1081_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029694","volume":"7","author":"GN Ruegsegger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruegsegger GN, Booth FW. Health benefits of exercise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018;7:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a029694.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"1081_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization.: Global status report on physical activity 2022."},{"issue":"12","key":"1081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e31829a74cd","volume":"7","author":"GD Myer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Myer GD, Faigenbaum AD, Stracciolini A, Hewett TE, Micheli LJ, Best TM. Exercise deficit disorder in youth: a paradigm shift toward disease prevention and comprehensive care. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013;7(12):248\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JSR.0b013e31829a74cd.","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2008.10483582","volume":"60","author":"DF Stodden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stodden DF, Goodway JD, Langendorfer SJ, Roberton MA, Rudisill ME, Garcia C, et al. A Developmental Perspective on the Role of Motor Skill Competence in Physical Activity: an Emergent Relationship. Quest. 2008;60(2):290\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00336297.2008.10483582.","journal-title":"Quest"},{"key":"1081_CR7","unstructured":"Goodway JD, Ozmun JC, Gallahue DL. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults: Infants, Children, Adolescents. LLC: Adults. Jones and Bartlett Learning; 2019."},{"key":"1081_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balla BJ, Boros-Balint I, Szatm\u00e1ri \u00c9. The relation between physical education curriculum time allocation and obesity in 6\u201310 years old children: a cross sectional study. Studia Universitatis Babe?-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae. 2022;67(4):41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24193\/subbeag.67(4).32","DOI":"10.24193\/subbeag.67(4).32"},{"key":"1081_CR9","unstructured":"Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. 2020."},{"issue":"164","key":"1081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015","volume":"7","author":"G Lissak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: literature review and case study. Environ Res. 2018;7(164):149\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"34","key":"1081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000172","volume":"4","author":"KE Minges","year":"2015","unstructured":"Minges KE, Owen N, Salmon J, Chao A, Dunstan DW, Whittemore R. Reducing youth screen time: qualitative metasynthesis of findings on barriers and facilitators. Health Psychol. 2015;4(34):381\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/hea0000172.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"1081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004029","volume":"7","author":"L Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu L, Sun S, He Y, Jiang B. The effect of interventions targeting screen time reduction. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;7:95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000004029.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"165","key":"1081_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.122","volume":"11","author":"G Wahi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wahi G, Parkin PC, Beyene J, Uleryk EM, Birken CS. Effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing screen time in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;11(165):979\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.122.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"1081_CR14","unstructured":"Oh Y, Yang S. Defining Exergames & Exergaming; 2010. p. 1\u201317."},{"key":"1081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deterding S, Dixon D, Khaled R, Nacke L. From game design elements to gamefulness: defining \"gamification\"; 2011. pp. 9\u201315.","DOI":"10.1145\/2181037.2181040"},{"key":"1081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2196\/53072","volume":"1","author":"A Goncalves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goncalves A, Lespiau F, Briet G, Vaillant-Coindard E, Palermo A, Decobert E, et al. Exploring the Use of a Learning-Based Exergame to Enhance Physical Literacy, Soft Skills, and Academic Learning in School-Age Children: Pilot Interventional Study. JMIR Serious Games. 2024;1:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/53072.","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"issue":"17","key":"1081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218264","volume":"11","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu W, Zeng N, McDonough DJ, Gao Z. Effect of active video games on healthy children\u2019s fundamental motor skills and physical fitness: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;11(17):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17218264.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1081_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00534-8","volume":"12","author":"L Oppici","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oppici L, Stell FM, Utesch T, Woods CT, Foweather L, Rudd JR. A Skill Acquisition Perspective on the Impact of Exergaming Technology on Foundational Movement Skill Development in Children 3\u201312 Years: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med Open. 2022;12:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-022-00534-8.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"1081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2013.809379","volume":"6","author":"LM Barnett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barnett LM, Ridgers ND, Hanna L, Salmon J. Parents\u2019 and children\u2019s views on whether active video games are a substitute for the real thing. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health. 2014;6:366\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2159676X.2013.809379.","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"key":"1081_CR20","unstructured":"Kitchenham B, Charters S. Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering. EBSE Technical Report. 2007."},{"issue":"7","key":"1081_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1081_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall J, Linehan C. Misrepresentation of health research in exertion games literature. vol. 2017-May. Association for Computing Machinery. 2017. pp. 4899\u20134910.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025691"},{"key":"1081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090261","volume":"9","author":"S Ye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ye S, Lee JE, Stodden DF, Gao Z. Impact of exergaming on children\u2019s motor skill competence and health-related fitness: a quasi-experimental study. J Clin Med. 2018;9:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7090261.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5766","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2231498","volume":"32","author":"AM Lozano-Tarazona","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lozano-Tarazona AM, Pinz\u00f3n DMR. Improvement of real soccer motor skills using virtual reality. Interact Learn Environ. 2024;32(9):5766\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2231498.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"1081_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McGann J, Issartel J, Hederman L, Conlan O. Hop.Skip.Jump.Games: the effect of principled exergameplay on children\u2019s locomotor skill acquisition. Br J Educ Technol. 2020;51:798\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12886.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12886"},{"key":"1081_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monacis D, Colella D, Limone P. Non-linear didactic technology-based intervention to enhance basic motor competencies with MOBAK-5: a pilot study in primary school. Phys Act Rev. 2022;10:22\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16926\/PAR.2022.10.03.","DOI":"10.16926\/PAR.2022.10.03"},{"key":"1081_CR27","unstructured":"Sheehan D, Katz L. The impact of a six week exergaming curriculum on balance with grade three school children using the wii FIT+TM. In: Article in International Journal of Computer Science in Sport. 2012. p. 5\u201322."},{"key":"1081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2013.02.002","volume":"2","author":"D Sheehan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sheehan D, Katz L. The effects of a daily, 6-week exergaming curriculum onbalanceinfourthgrade children. J Sport Health Sci. 2013;2:131\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2013.02.002.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1081_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.08.007","volume":"8","author":"LM Barnett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barnett LM, Ridgers ND, Reynolds J, Hanna L, Salmon J. Playing Active Video Games may not develop movement skills: an intervention trial. Prevent Med Reports. 2015;8(2):673\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.08.007.","journal-title":"Prevent Med Reports"},{"key":"1081_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.01.001","volume":"83","author":"N Vernadakis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vernadakis N, Papastergiou M, Zetou E, Antoniou P. The impact of an exergame-based intervention on children\u2019s fundamental motor skills. Comput Educ. 2015;83:90\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.01.001.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"95","key":"1081_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.01.005","volume":"4","author":"HS Hsiao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsiao HS, Chen JC. Using a gesture interactive game-based learning approach to improve preschool children\u2019s learning performance and motor skills. Comput Educ. 2016;4(95):151\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.01.005.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"19","key":"1081_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.05.002","volume":"5","author":"TM Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson TM, Ridgers ND, Hulteen RM, Mellecker RR, Barnett LM. Does playing a sports active video game improve young children\u2019s ball skill competence? J Sci Med Sport. 2016;5(19):432\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.05.002.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"8","key":"1081_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.12.001","volume":"3","author":"Z Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao Z, Zeng N, Pope ZC, Wang R, Yu F. Effects of exergaming on motor skill competence, perceived competence, and physical activity in preschool children. J Sport Health Sci. 2019;3(8):106\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.12.001.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1081_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4018\/IJGBL.2020100104","volume":"10","author":"P de Medeiros","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Medeiros P, Felden E, Zequin\u00e3o M, Freitas K, Libardoni J, Cardoso F. Positive effect of a motor intervation program with exergames: a blind randomized trial. Int J Game-Based Learn. 2020;10(10):55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJGBL.2020100104.","journal-title":"Int J Game-Based Learn"},{"key":"1081_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samsudin, Gani RA, Setiawan E, N\u00e9meth Z, Kardiyanto DW, Winarno ME. Increasing physical activity and fundamental movement skills of primary school students during the COVID-19 through exergame. Phys Educ Theory Methodol. 2022;22:459\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17309\/tmfv.2022.4.01.","DOI":"10.17309\/tmfv.2022.4.01"},{"issue":"38","key":"1081_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2014.08.004","volume":"12","author":"A Bufton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bufton A, Campbell A, Howie E, Straker L. A comparison of the upper limb movement kinematics utilized by children playing virtual and real table tennis. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;12(38):84\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2014.08.004.","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"1081_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/10481881509348831","volume":"15","author":"E Thelen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thelen E. Dynamic systems theory and the complexity of change. Psychoanalytic Dialogues. 2005;15:255\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10481881509348831.","journal-title":"Psychoanalytic Dialogues"},{"issue":"34","key":"1081_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.008","volume":"9","author":"R Mombarg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mombarg R, Jelsma D, Hartman E. Effect of Wii-intervention on balance of children with poor motor performance. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;9(34):2996\u20133003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.008.","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"1081_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345566","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1345566","volume":"12","author":"D Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen D, Zhao G, Fu J, Shun S, Su L, He Z, et al. Effects of structured and unstructured interventions on fundamental motor skills in preschool children: a meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1345566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1345566.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1081_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketcheson M, Ye Z, Graham TCN. Designing for exertion: How heart-rate power-ups increase physical activity in exergames. Association for Computing Machinery: Inc; 2015. p. 79\u201390.","DOI":"10.1145\/2793107.2793122"},{"key":"1081_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry J, Kendrick C, Arnab S. Wearable Technology as Game Input for Active Exergames. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc; 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/SeGAH57547.2023.10253785"},{"key":"1081_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Juliantine T, Setiawan E, Jumareng H, Gani RA, Asnaldi A. Do fundamental movement skills, physical activity and enjoyment among inactive student during the COVID-19 era improve after exergame? J Phys Educ (Maringa). 2022;33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4025\/jphyseduc.v33i1.3327.","DOI":"10.4025\/jphyseduc.v33i1.3327"},{"key":"1081_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1094469","author":"JL Ng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ng JL, Button C. Construct validation of a general movement competence assessment utilising active video gaming technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1094469.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"32","key":"1081_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9604.12151","volume":"2","author":"A Wren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wren A. Understanding the role of the Teaching Assistant: comparing the views of pupils with SEN and TAs within mainstream primary schools. Support Learn. 2017;2(32):4\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9604.12151.","journal-title":"Support Learn"},{"key":"1081_CR45","unstructured":"Sharples J, Webster R, Blatchford P. Making best use of teaching assistants. Available from: https:\/\/educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk\/education-evidence\/guidance-reports\/teaching-assistants."},{"issue":"94","key":"1081_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543231186588","volume":"6","author":"MH Vembye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vembye MH, Weiss F, Bhat BH. The Effects of Co-Teaching and Related Collaborative Models of Instruction on Student Achievement: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Rev Educ Res. 2024;6(94):376\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543231186588.","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01081-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01081-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01081-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:17:05Z","timestamp":1789881425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01081-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01081-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-9761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-9761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Manchester Metropolitan University Research Ethics and Governance Committee. EthOS reference number: 70072.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Oscar O\u2019Brien, Connah Kendrick, Ben Ives, Moi Hoon Yap, and John Henry declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"139"}}