{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:16:42Z","timestamp":1789168602723,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tohoku University Advanced Graduate School Research Initiative for International Scholarly Excellence Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-026-01108-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:57:21Z","timestamp":1789124241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of the Japanese Version of the Rating of Fatigue Scale"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3714-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaho","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1108_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00021","volume":"8","author":"B Karshikoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karshikoff B, Sundelin T, Lasselin J. Role of inflammation in human fatigue: relevance of multidimensional assessments and potential neuronal mechanisms. Front Immunol. 2017;8:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00021.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1108_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-011-9266-9","volume":"28","author":"D Frings","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frings D. The effects of sleep debt on risk perception, risk attraction and betting behavior during a blackjack style gambling task. J Gambl Stud. 2012;28:393\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-011-9266-9.","journal-title":"J Gambl Stud"},{"key":"1108_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021818772045","volume":"72","author":"S Timmons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Timmons S, Byrne RMJ. Moral fatigue: the effects of cognitive fatigue on moral reasoning. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2019;72:943\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747021818772045.","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)"},{"key":"1108_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91324.2008","volume":"106","author":"SM Marcora","year":"1985","unstructured":"Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1985;106:857\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.91324.2008.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"1108_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/sbr.12099","volume":"13","author":"S Aritake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aritake S, Kaneita Y, Ohtsu T, Uchiyama M, Mishima K, Akashiba T, et al. Prevalence of fatigue symptoms and correlations in the general adult population. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2015;13:146\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sbr.12099.","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"1","key":"1108_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010","volume":"1","author":"M Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. The National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):40\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1108_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4758","volume":"38","author":"NF Watson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep. 2015;38(6):843\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.4758.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1108_CR8","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Suimin taisaku. In: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/kenkou_iryou\/kenkou\/suimin\/index.html. Accessed 10 July 2026. (in Japanese)"},{"key":"1108_CR9","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Reiwa go nen kokumin eiyo tyosa hokoku; 2023. In: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/kenkou_iryou\/kenkou\/eiyou\/r5-houkoku_00001.html. Accessed 2 Mar 2026. (in Japanese)"},{"key":"1108_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.006","volume":"70","author":"Y Baek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baek Y, Jung K, Lee S. Effects of sleep restriction on subjective and physiological variables in middle-aged Korean adults: an intervention study. Sleep Med. 2020;70:60\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.006.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1108_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5152\/npa.2015.7116","volume":"52","author":"Y Selvi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Selvi Y, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 S, Ayd\u0131n A, G\u00fczel \u00d6P. The effects of sleep deprivation on dissociation and profiles of mood, and its association with biochemical changes. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2015;52(1):83\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/npa.2015.7116.","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"issue":"7","key":"1108_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.03.016","volume":"15","author":"M Kahn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kahn M, Fridenson S, Lerer R, Bar-Haim Y, Sadeh A. Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(7):825\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.03.016.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1108_CR13","first-page":"267","volume":"20","author":"DF Dinges","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dinges DF, Pack F, Williams K, Gillen KA, Powell JW, Ott GE, et al. Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4\u20135 hours per night. Sleep. 1997;20(4):267\u201377.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1108_CR14","first-page":"49","volume":"4","author":"B Asgari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asgari B, Pickar P, Garay V. Karoshi and Karou-jisatsu in Japan: causes, statistics and prevention mechanisms. Asia Pac bus Econ Perspect. 2016;4:49\u201372.","journal-title":"Asia Pac bus Econ Perspect"},{"key":"1108_CR15","volume-title":"Karoshi karojisatsu no gendaishi hatarakisugi ni taoreru hitotachi","author":"M Kumazawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kumazawa M. Karoshi karojisatsu no gendaishi hatarakisugi ni taoreru hitotachi. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten; 2011."},{"key":"1108_CR16","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Karoshi to boushi taisaku. In: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/0000053725.html. Accessed 2 Mar 2026. (in Japanese)"},{"key":"1108_CR17","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Reiwa go nen karoshi to boushi taisaku hakus-yo; 2023. In: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/wp\/hakusyo\/karoushi\/24\/index.html. Accessed 2 Mar 2026. (in Japanese)"},{"key":"1108_CR18","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Reiwa roku nen kokumin kenko eiyo tyosa; 2024. In: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/kenkou_iryou\/kenkou\/eiyou\/r6-houkoku_00001.html. Accessed 18 Jul 2026. (in Japanese)"},{"key":"1108_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001","volume":"59","author":"MAS Boksem","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boksem MAS, Tops M. Mental fatigue: costs and benefits. Brain Res Rev. 2008;59:125\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001.","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"1108_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00082","volume":"3","author":"TD Noakes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noakes TD. Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole body homeostasis. Front Physiol. 2012;3:82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2012.00082.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1108_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2007","volume":"88","author":"DG Allen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerblad H. Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:287\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00015.2007.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1108_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636100-00006","volume":"36","author":"R Meeusen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meeusen R, Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, Piacentini MF. Central fatigue: the serotonin hypothesis and beyond. Sports Med. 2006;36:881\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200636100-00006.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1108_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.05.004","volume":"10","author":"J Shen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shen J, Barbera J, Shapiro CM. Distinguishing sleepiness and fatigue: focus on definition and measurement. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10:63\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.05.004.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"1108_CR24","first-page":"638","volume":"47","author":"H Kobayashi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kobayashi H, Demura S, Goshi F, Sato S, Noda M. Construction of a subjective fatigue scale for adolescent students. Jpn J Public Health. 2000;47:638\u201346.","journal-title":"Jpn J Public Health"},{"key":"1108_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.43.142","volume":"43","author":"T Sasaki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sasaki T, Matsumoto S. Actual conditions of work, fatigue and sleep in non-employed, home-based female information technology workers with preschool children. Ind Health. 2005;43:142\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2486\/indhealth.43.142.","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"1108_CR26","first-page":"233","volume":"12","author":"N Sugaya","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sugaya N, Kaiya H, Iwasa R, Nomura S. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI). Job Stress Res. 2005;12:233\u201340.","journal-title":"Job Stress Res"},{"key":"1108_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)00125-O","volume":"39","author":"EMA Smets","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smets EMA, Garssen B, Bonke BD, De Haes JCJM. The multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. J Psychosom Res. 1995;39:315\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-3999(94)00125-O.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"1108_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/S0048577201393095","volume":"39","author":"SKL Lal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lal SKL, Craig A. Driver fatigue: electroencephalography and psychological assessment. Psychophysiology. 2002;39:313\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0048577201393095.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"1108_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1037\/pne0000110","volume":"10","author":"HM Melo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Melo HM, Nascimento LM, Takase E. Mental fatigue and heart rate variability (HRV): the time-on-task effect. Psychol Neurosci. 2017;10:428\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pne0000110.","journal-title":"Psychol Neurosci"},{"key":"1108_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0711-5","volume":"47","author":"D Micklewright","year":"2017","unstructured":"Micklewright D, St Clair Gibson A, Gladwell V, Al Salman AJS. Development and validity of the rating-of-fatigue scale. Sports Med. 2017;47:2375\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0711-5.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1108_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.7.1097","volume":"37","author":"S Epstein","year":"1979","unstructured":"Epstein S. The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979;37:1097\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.37.7.1097.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"1108_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000699","volume":"38","author":"MS Allen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Allen MS, Iliescu D, Greiff S. Single item measures in psychological science: a call to action. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2022;38:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000699.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"key":"1108_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1996.78.2.631","volume":"78","author":"JP Wanous","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wanous JP, Reichers AE. Estimating the reliability of a single-item measure. Psychol Rep. 1996;78:631\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1996.78.2.631.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"1108_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00316-8","volume":"7","author":"CG Brownstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brownstein CG, Rimaud D, Singh B, Fruleux-Santos LA, Sorg M, Micklewright D, et al. French translation and validation of the rating-of-fatigue scale. Sports Med Open. 2021;7:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-021-00316-8.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"1108_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","volume":"1","author":"RW Brislin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Brislin RW. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J Cross Cult Psychol. 1970;1(3):185\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135910457000100301.","journal-title":"J Cross Cult Psychol"},{"issue":"24","key":"1108_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","volume":"25","author":"DE Beaton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"1108_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-13","volume":"10","author":"L Gjersing","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gjersing L, Caplehorn JRM, Clausen T. Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-10-13.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1108_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90142-N","volume":"46","author":"F Guillemin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(12):1417\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90142-N.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1108_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022194254006","volume":"25","author":"AD Sperber","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sperber AD, Devellis RF, Boehlecke B. Cross-cultural translation: methodology and validation. J Cross Cult Psychol. 1994;25:501\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022022194254006.","journal-title":"J Cross Cult Psychol"},{"key":"1108_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01108-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01108-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01108-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:01:48Z","timestamp":1789167708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01108-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-026-01108-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-9761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-9761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"For the study, we obtained ethical approval from the ethics committee of Graduate School of Arts and Letters Tohoku University (approval number: 20240813) and secured written informed consent from all participants. The study was performed in accordance with the ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Kaho Suzuki and Takashi Arai declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"134"}}