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This case study investigated different approaches to managing BW variation in a farrow-to-finish commercial pig farm with a self-declared AIAO management and the possible implications for animal health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1096 pigs (1047 pigs born within 1\u2009week plus 49 pigs born 1\u2009week later) were tracked until slaughter as they moved through the production stages. Piglets were individually tagged at birth and their location on the farm was recorded on a weekly basis. In total, 10.3% of pigs died during lactation. Four main cohorts of pigs were created at weaning and retrospectively identified:<jats:bold>cohort 1\u2009=<\/jats:bold>\u00a0pigs weaned at 21\u2009days (4.5%);<jats:bold>cohort 2\u2009=<\/jats:bold>\u00a0pigs weaned at 28\u2009days (81.0%), which was sub-divided at the end of the first nursery stage into<jats:bold><jats:italic>sub<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold><jats:italic>-<\/jats:italic><jats:bold><jats:italic>cohort 2a<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold>\u00a0<jats:bold>=<\/jats:bold>\u00a0pigs split at 3\u2009weeks post-weaning (29.7%);<jats:bold><jats:italic>sub-cohort 2b<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold>\u2009=\u2009pigs split at 3\u2009weeks post-weaning from cohort 2a and split again 5\u2009weeks post-weaning (35.5%) and<jats:bold><jats:italic>sub-cohort 2c<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold>\u2009=\u2009remaining smaller size pigs from cohort 2b (10.9%);<jats:bold>cohort 3\u2009=<\/jats:bold>\u00a0pigs weaned at 35\u2009days (2.7%) and<jats:bold>cohort 4<\/jats:bold>\u2009=\u2009pigs weaned at 49\u2009days (1.5%) that were later mixed with SPG, delayed pigs from other cohorts and sick\/injured pigs that recovered. Four strategies to manage BW variation were identified: i) earlier weaning (cohort 1); ii) delayed weaning of SGP (cohort 3 and 4); iii) re-grading pens by BW (sub-cohorts 2a, 2b and 2c) and, iv) delayed movement of SGP to the next production stage (several pigs from all cohorts). A higher percentage of delayed pigs presented pericarditis, pleurisy and enzootic pneumonia like lesions at slaughter compared with pigs under other strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A variety of management practices were implemented to minimise BW variation during the production cycle. However, several cohorts of pigs were created disrupting AIAO management. Earlier weaning should only be practiced under specific circumstances where optimal animal health and welfare are guaranteed. Delayed weaning of SGP and delaying pigs to move to the next production stage could negatively affect animal health and should be avoided.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-021-00190-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T09:06:57Z","timestamp":1610356017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Identifying challenges to manage body weight variation in pig farms implementing all-in-all-out management practices and their possible implications for animal health: a case study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2152-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Rodrigues da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Garc\u00eda Manzanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8571-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Diana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nienke","family":"van Staaveren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3730-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Torres-Pitarch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Ann","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-9283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Adriana","family":"Calder\u00f3n D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"190_CR1","first-page":"202","volume":"3","author":"AB Scheidt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Scheidt AB, Cline TR, Clark LK, Mayrose VB, Van Alstine WG, Diekman MA, et al. 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