{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:32:25Z","timestamp":1779114745967,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Porc Health Manag"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTI) of sows characterized by cystitis, which may progress to ureteritis and pyelonephritis, can affect their productivity, longevity and welfare. In this study, we determined the prevalence of UTI by histopathology and bacteriology. Furthermore, we investigated possible associations between histologically confirmed cystitis and the results of urinalysis and urine cultures in culled sows from three farrow-to-finish herds in Greece.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred eighty-five routinely culled sows were included in the study. Their urinary bladder was collected from abattoirs and subjected to histopathology. Furthermore, urinalysis and urine cultures were performed on urine samples aseptically collected from the bladders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Histologically confirmed cystitis was evident in 85\/185 (45.94%) culled sows. Among those, 44 (51.76%) suffered from acute and 41 (48.24%) from chronic inflammation. The majority of positive urine cultures were due to colonization of the urinary tract with\n                      <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which accounted for 55.81% of the total cases, followed by\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. which accounted for 18.60% of detected infections. Evidence of cystitis was associated with bacteriuria and sows with bacteriuria were 2.30 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03, 95% CI: 1.10\u20134.83) times more likely to have histologically confirmed cystitis compared to sows with negative urine cultures. Bacteriuria was associated with proteinuria (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, OR\u2009=\u20099.72, 2.63\u201335.88), increased urine pH (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, 3.40, 1.10\u201310.56) and presence of sediment (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, 6.00, 1.50\u201323.76) in urine. Sows with proteinuria had 9.72 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, 2.63\u201335.88) times higher odds of bacteriuria than those without. Histologically defined cystitis was associated with proteinuria (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, 2.03\u201313.20) and decreased urine pH (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, 0.13\u20130.72). Sows with proteinuria were 5.18 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, 2.03\u201313.2) times more likely to have histological lesions consistent with cystitis, than those without. For one unit increase in pH, it was 3.20 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006, 1.39\u20137.69) times less likely for a sow to have chronic or acute cystitis compared to absence of cystitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the studied population, UTI affected almost one out of two culled sows. Bacteriuria, which was more common among sows with UTI than those without, was mainly ascribed to members of the intestinal and environmental bacteria. Proteinuria and the existence of urine sediment which were associated with UTI, could be used as proxy traits for UTI in live sows\n                      <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-021-00212-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T04:05:48Z","timestamp":1618805148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Urinary tract infections in culled sows from Greek herds: prevalence and associations between findings of histopathology, bacteriology and urinalysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5246-0493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Cernat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vassilis","family":"Skampardonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios A.","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fotios","family":"Kroustallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Chalvatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evanthia","family":"Petridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vassilios","family":"Psychas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Marouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paschalis","family":"Fortomaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Leontides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"212_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/485","volume":"15","author":"M Sanz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sanz M, Roberts JD, Perfumo CJ, et al. 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Approval of the study protocol by an animal care committee was not required because taking part in the study was in no way painful or invasive for the animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}