{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T19:01:33Z","timestamp":1774638093149,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iowa Pork Industry Center, United States"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Porc Health Manag"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A Tonsil-Oral-Scrubbing (TOSc) method was developed to sample the sow\u2019s oropharyngeal and tonsillar area without snaring and has shown comparable porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) RNA detection rates with tonsil scraping in infected sows. This study investigated the effect of specific TOSc collection factors on the PRRSV RT-rtPCR results (detection rates and Ct values). Those factors include whether the sow was snared or not snared at TOSc collection (\u201csnared\u201d vs. \u201cnot snared\u201d); whether the sow was laying down or standing at collection (\u201claying down\u201d vs. \u201cstanding\u201d); and type of collectors used for TOSc collection (\u201cTOSc prototype\u201d vs. \u201cSpiral-headed AI catheter (SHAC)\u201d). Volume of fluid was compared between \u201csnared\u201d and \u201cnot snared\u201d groups, and collection time was compared between \u201claying down\u201d and \u201cstanding\u201d groups as well.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The effect for each factor was assessed in three independent studies following the same design: TOSc was collected twice from each studied sow, once with the baseline level for a factor (\u201cnot snared\u201d, or \u201cstanding\u201d, or \u201cTOSc prototype\u201d), and another time followed by the other level of the paired factor (\u201csnared\u201d, \u201claying down\u201d, or \u201cSHAC\u201d, correspondingly). Results showed that \u201cnot snared\u201d TOSc had numerically higher PRRSV RNA detection rate (60.7% vs. 52.5%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.11), significantly lower median Ct values (31.9 vs. 32.3, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and significantly higher volume of fluid than \u201csnared\u201d samples (1.8 mL vs. 1.2 mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01); \u201claying down\u201d TOSc samples did not differ statistically (60.7% vs. 60.7%) in the PRRSV RNA detection rate, obtained numerically lower median Ct values (30.9 vs. 31.3, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.19), but took 40% less collection time compared to \u201cstanding\u201d TOSc samples; samples collected using the \u201cTOSc prototype\u201d had numerically higher PRRSV RNA detection rate (91.7% vs. 88.3%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.27) and significantly lower median Ct values (32.8 vs. 34.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) than that from \u201cSHAC\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Under the conditions of this study best practices for TOSc collection aiming higher detection rate of PRRSV RNA while minimizing time for collection were suggested to be sampling TOSc without snaring, when sows are laying down, and using a prototype TOSc collector.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-024-00385-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T06:02:06Z","timestamp":1728280926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Characterizing best practices for tonsil-oral-scrubbing (TOSc) collection for PRRSV RNA detection in sows"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Poeta","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Yeske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Dalquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda V. Anderson","family":"Reever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darwin L.","family":"Reicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip C.","family":"Gauger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derald J.","family":"Holtkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovani","family":"Trevisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel C. L.","family":"Linhares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993442","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.993442","volume":"9","author":"IF Machado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Machado IF, Magalh\u00e3es ES, Poeta Silva APS, Moraes DCA, Cezar G, Mil-Homens MP, et al. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA detection in tongue tips from dead animals. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:993442.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"385_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105427","volume":"194","author":"MN Almeida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida MN, Zhang M, Lopez WAL, Vilalta C, Sanhueza J, Corzo CA, et al. A comparison of three sampling approaches for detecting PRRSV in suckling piglets. Prev Vet Med. 2021;194:105427.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"385_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105021","volume":"180","author":"WA L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez WA, Zimmerman JJ, Gauger PC, Harmon KM, Bradner L, Zhang M, et al. Practical aspects of PRRSV RNA detection in processing fluids collected in commercial swine farms. Prev Vet Med. 2020;180:105021.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"385_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104810","volume":"174","author":"MN Almeida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almeida MN, Rotto H, Schneider P, Robb C, Zimmerman JJ, Holtkamp DJ, et al. Collecting oral fluid samples from due-to-wean litters. Prev Vet Med. 2020;174:104810.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"385_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105397","volume":"193","author":"MN Almeida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida MN, Zhang M, Zimmerman JJ, Holtkamp DJ, Linhares DCL. Finding PRRSV in sow herds: Family oral fluids vs. serum samples from due-to-wean pigs. Prev Vet Med. 2021;193:105397.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"385_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0391-4","volume":"47","author":"E Pileri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pileri E, Mateu E. Review on the transmission porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between pigs and farms and impact on vaccination. Vet Res. 2016;47(1):108.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"385_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.08.009","volume":"111","author":"EO Nielsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nielsen EO, Lauritsen KT, Friis NF, En\u00f8e C, Hagedorn-Olsen T, Jungersen G. Use of a novel serum ELISA method and the tonsil-carrier state for evaluation of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae distributions in pig herds with or without clinical arthritis. Vet Microbiol. 2005;111(1\u20132):41\u201350.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"385_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.58-62.2003","volume":"41","author":"RW Wills","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wills RW, Doster AR, Galeota JA, Sur JH, Osorio FA. Duration of infection and proportion of pigs persistently infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(1):58\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"385_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106082","volume":"223","author":"P Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li P, Silva APSP, Moraes DCA, Yeske P, Osemeke OH, Magalh\u00e3es ES, et al. Comparison of a novel rapid sampling method to serum and tonsil scraping to detect PRRSV in acutely infected sows. Prev Vet Med. 2024;223:106082.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"385_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtkamp DJ. Proposed modifications to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus herd classification. J Swine Health Prod. 2021.","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1218"},{"issue":"2","key":"385_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871102300208","volume":"23","author":"WA Chittick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chittick WA, Stensland WR, Prickett JR, Strait EL, Harmon K, Yoon KJ, et al. Comparison of RNA extraction and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in porcine oral fluid specimens. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011;23(2):248\u201353.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"385_CR12","first-page":"22","volume":"65","author":"SA Dee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dee SA, Bierk MD, Deen J, Molitor TW. An evaluation of test and removal for the elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from 5 swine farms. Can J Vet Res. 2001;65(1):22\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"385_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12196","volume":"62","author":"W Vosloo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vosloo W, Morris J, Davis A, Giles M, Wang J, Nguyen HT, et al. Collection of oral fluids using cotton ropes as a Sampling Method to Detect Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus infection in pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2015;62(5):e71\u20135.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"385_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1172-7","volume":"13","author":"SJP Tousignant","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tousignant SJP, Bruner L, Schwartz J, Vannucci F, Rossow S, Marthaler DG. Longitudinal study of Senecavirus a shedding in sows and piglets on a single United States farm during an outbreak of vesicular disease. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):277.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"385_CR15","unstructured":"YAN ZJ, LI X, WU W, LI P, editors. Eliminating African Swine Fever virues in four large sow herds by New Generation test - removal technology in China from 2018 to 2019. IPVS; 2022. Rio De Janeiro Brazil."}],"container-title":["Porcine Health Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40813-024-00385-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40813-024-00385-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40813-024-00385-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T06:03:43Z","timestamp":1728281023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/porcinehealthmanagement.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40813-024-00385-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40813-024-00385-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Iowa State University, Iowa, approved this study (IACUC-22-101).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}