{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:33:57Z","timestamp":1789594437101,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Porc Health Manag"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Respiratory disease is an economically important disease in the\u00a0swine industry. Housing air quality control is crucial for maintaining the respiratory health of pigs. However, maintaining air quality is a limitation of current housing systems. This study evaluated the growth and health parameters of pigs raised under different environmental conditions and identified key environmental variables that determine respiratory health. Eighty (Largewhite\u2009\u00d7\u2009Landrace)\u2009\u00d7\u2009Duroc crossed growing pigs (31.71\u2009\u00b1\u20090.53\u00a0kg) were equally distributed into two identical climate-controlled houses with distinct environmental conditions (CON\u2009=\u2009normal conditions and TRT\u2009=\u2009poor conditions). Two-sample tests were performed to compare the means of the groups, and a random forest algorithm was used to identify the importance scores of the environmental variables to respiratory health.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pigs in the TRT group were significantly exposed to high temperatures (28.44 vs 22.78\u00a0\u00b0C, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), humidity (88.27 vs 61.86%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (2,739.93 vs 847.91 ppm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (20.53 vs 8.18\u00a0ppm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S (14.28 vs 6.70\u00a0ppm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Chronic exposure to these factors significantly reduced daily feed intake (1.82 vs 2.32\u00a0kg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), resulting in a significant reduction in average daily gain (0.72 vs 0.92\u00a0kg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.026), increased oxidative stress index (3.24 vs 1.43, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), reduced cortisol levels (2.23 vs 4.07\u00a0mmol\/L, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034), and deteriorated respiratory health status (74.41 vs 97.55, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, a random forest model identified Min CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, Min NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, and Avg CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> as the best predictors of respiratory health, and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was strongly correlated with NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These findings emphasize the critical importance of proper environmental management in pig farming and suggest that regular monitoring and control of either CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, facilitated by environmental sensors and integration into intelligent systems, can serve as an effective strategy for improving respiratory health management in pigs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-024-00408-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T13:50:29Z","timestamp":1734702629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Minimum carbon dioxide is a key predictor of the respiratory health of pigs in climate-controlled housing systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Eddiemar Baguio","family":"Lagua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Seok","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiven Mark Bigtasin","family":"Ampode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Rang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Sharifuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Kamrul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Hwa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chul-Ju","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"408_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berton MP, de C\u00e1ssia Dourado R, de Lima FBF, Rodrigues ABB, Ferrari FB, do Carmo Vieira LD, et al. 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