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This is usually done through tests to assess phenotypic and genotypic resistance, although air analysis in farms could also be useful for obtaining this information. This study examined genotypic and phenotypic resistance levels in pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      from pig farms from Northwest of Iberian Peninsula and investigated the potential of air sampling as a tool for estimating antibiotic resistance. Rectal swabs were collected from weaned piglets, along with air samples from their housing areas. Bacteria with potential to cause diarrhea were identified from the swabs, followed by phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing and screening for resistance genes targeting eight antibiotic families. The presence of these genes was also analyzed in air samples using qPCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All isolated pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibited phenotypic resistance to at least two families of antibiotics, with aminoglycosides and lipopeptides being the families to which the highest percentage of resistant\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In terms of genotypic resistance, genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides, penicillins, and cephalosporins were the most frequently detected (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), whereas those associated with lipopeptides, quinolones, and carbapenems were the least common (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Both phenotypic and genotypic resistance tended to cluster according to the origin farm, although positive associations between resistance genes were observed, with\n                      <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      (A) and\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX\u2212universal<\/jats:sub>\n                      being the most frequently associated with others. Regarding air samples, there was poor concordance between the detection of resistance genes in air and the levels of genotypic and phenotypic resistance on the farm (k\u2009&lt;\u20090.4), although this seems to be influenced by the different detection patterns of the evaluated genes in air.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      from pig farms exhibited a significant level of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antibiotics, with resistance to aminoglycosides being particularly notable. Additionally, there was a prominent co-occurrence of genes encoding resistance to multiple antibiotic families. The effectiveness of air sampling for estimating farm-level antibiotic resistance seems to be influenced by differences in gene detection performance in this type of sample.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-025-00475-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T21:19:13Z","timestamp":1767043153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiological trends of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli in swine farms from the Northwest Iberian Peninsula and evaluation of air sampling for antibiotic resistance surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Lorenzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"D\u00edaz-Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Novo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"475_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman JJ, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Schwartz KJ, Stevenson GW, Zhang J. 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