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The results showed that at the sample level, the prevalence of CSFV was 0.25% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22% \u2212\u20090.27%). At the pig farm level, the prevalence of CSFV was 5.08% (95% CI: 3.44% \u2212\u20096.72%). The risk factors for CSFV infection in pig farms included geographic distribution, quarter, and herd category variables. Eight different temporal groups with a high prevalence of CSFV were also found in China, with the highest prevalence occurring from August to September 2022. Tissue samples and oropharyngeal\/nasal swabs showed superior detection rates (1.00% and 0.34%, respectively) and are thus recommended for CSFV surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, this data complements the existing studies on the Chinese CSFV positive rate, risk factors, and temporal clustering. Our findings identify high-risk periods (August \u2013 September 2022) and regions (Northwest China), providing targeted strategies for CSFV control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-026-00486-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:15:53Z","timestamp":1768986953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological analysis, risk factors, and spatial-temporal clustering of classical swine fever virus in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiansheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"486_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/s1090-0233(02)00112-0","volume":"165","author":"V Moennig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moennig V, Floegel-Niesmann G, Greiser-Wilke I. 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Animal sampling was strictly performed following the guidelines established by the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Northwest A&F University in Yangling, China. Verbal and informed consent were obtained from the farm owners to collect clinical samples on their farms. The animal experiments were carried out in strict accordance with guidelines established by the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Northwest A&F University in Yangling, China. All protocols were approved by this committee (Permit Number: 2014BAD23B11). The field study did not involve endangered or protected species. No specific permissions were required for the collection of samples as they were obtained from public or non-protected areas.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6"}}