{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:51:30Z","timestamp":1781635890163,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Porc Health Manag"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Porcine coronaviruses (PoCoVs) are common etiological viral agents of enteric and respiratory disease in swine, but most epidemiological information derives from intensively managed herds. Data from outdoor systems and wildlife remain scarce, despite the potential role of free-range production and wildlife-livestock interactions in sustaining virus transmission. In southern Spain, the traditional Dehesa agroforestry system supports Iberian pigs that share space and resources with wild boars and other species, creating interfaces where cross-species circulation may occur. To address this gap, we assessed the seroprevalence of five PoCoVs, including porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), in Iberian pigs and wild boars from central-western Spain. A total of 260 Iberian pig sera and 564 wild boar sera collected between 2016 and 2020 were tested using indirect ELISAs for PHEV, PEDV, and PDCoV and a blocking ELISA for PRCV\/TGEV. Antibodies to PHEV were highly prevalent in Iberian pigs (68.0%) and detected at lower levels in wild boars (22.6%), a pattern consistent with endemic exposure in domestic pigs and sporadic circulation in wildlife. PEDV antibodies were identified in 8.5% of Iberian pigs and 2.8% of wild boars, with higher prevalence in pigs during 2016 followed by a sharp decline, suggesting past but not ongoing activity. PDCoV antibodies were rare overall (3.1% in pigs, 2.6% in wild boars) but reached 41.6% in pigs from C\u00e1ceres in 2017-2018, indicative of a localized event. PRCV antibodies were widespread in Iberian pigs (67.3%), with higher prevalence in Badajoz compared to C\u00e1ceres, while wild boars showed rising seropositivity in Ciudad Real\/Toledo by 2022 (up to 33.3%). No TGEV antibodies were detected in either host population, supporting the predominance of PRCV in the region. These findings demonstrate that PHEV and PRCV are enzootic in free-range Iberian pigs, while PEDV and PDCoV circulate at low levels, and wild boars are more likely incidental than reservoir hosts. The detection of antibodies in the absence of clinical outbreaks underscores the silent nature of PoCoV circulation in extensive systems and highlights the importance of integrating wildlife-livestock interfaces into surveillance and biosecurity strategies in Mediterranean production landscapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-026-00488-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T03:41:41Z","timestamp":1770090101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of porcine coronavirus antibodies in Iberian pigs and wild boars from central-western Spain"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Paloma","family":"Encinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo del","family":"Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo","family":"Magtoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Mora-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Templado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Carrillo-\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis G.","family":"Gim\u00e9nez-Lirola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.12.001","volume":"34","author":"Q Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Q, Vlasova AN, Kenney SP, Saif LJ. 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Vet Microbiol. 2016;192:90\u20134.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Porcine Health Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00488-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00488-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00488-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:52:00Z","timestamp":1781632320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00488-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00488-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study involves the use of blood serum obtained from Iberian pigs (\n                      Sus scrofa domesticus\n                      ) and wild boar (\n                      Sus scrofa\n                      ). No specific ethical approval was required for this study in accordance with the Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and the corresponding Spanish Royal Decree 53\/2013. No animals were hunted, captured, or subjected to experimental procedures specifically for this research. The veterinarian responsible for the holdings obtained Iberian pig sera during routine sanitary health controls. Wild boar sera were collected from free-living wild boars trapped and euthanized or shot by veterinarians and wildlife control operators within the regular management of the species in compliance with the National Management Strategy for controlling wild boar populations. During this study, all animals were handled and sampled in accordance with standardized procedures in veterinary practices.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}