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Its potential link to tail biting, an abnormal behavior that causes stress, injury and pain, remains unexplored. This study evaluated the effect of vaccination against\n                      <jats:italic>L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      on tail-biting related behaviors, tail lesions, active behaviors, and postures in pigs reared under commercial conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study compared two groups in a commercial herd naturally and subclinically infected with\n                      <jats:italic>L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      : pigs vaccinated against\n                      <jats:italic>L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      at 5 weeks of age and unvaccinated controls each comprising 21 pens observed from 11 to 28 weeks of age. Pigs had intact tails.\n                      <jats:italic>L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA in feces and specific antibodies in blood were detected by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Tail-biting related behaviors (rear-end nosing and tail manipulation) were quantified by video analysis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200942 pens). Tail lesions were assessed weekly and individually for each pig (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009516 pigs) using a standardized scoring system. Active behaviors (exploration, feeding, social interactions) and postures were recorded as additional behavioral measures. Haptoglobin (Hp), C-reactive protein (CRP), total esterase activity (TEA) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were analyzed in blood or saliva. Mortality and average daily gain (ADG) were registered. Ethical welfare management measures (temporary space increase, tail spraying, and enrichment) were applied when recurrent or repeated bleeding from the tail was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected between 15 weeks of age and 24 weeks of age. During this period, vaccinated pigs exhibited lower frequency of tail-biting related behaviors, whereas tail lesion scores did not differ between groups. Unvaccinated control pigs explored enrichment more frequently and were sporadically more active and restless while vaccinated pigs spent more time at the feeder. ADA concentrations were higher in vaccinated pigs, while Hp, CRP, TEA, mortality, and ADG did not differ (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Under natural subclinical\n                      <jats:italic>Lawsonia intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, vaccinated pigs demonstrated fewer tail-biting related behaviors and lower levels of active behaviors compared with unvaccinated controls. Although tail lesion rates were similar between groups, likely due to effective welfare management measures, the observed behavioral differences suggest that vaccination against\n                      <jats:italic>L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      can enhance pig welfare even in the absence of clinical disease. Therefore, controlling subclinical enteric infections through vaccination may serve as an indirect yet practical complementary strategy to reduce tail-biting related behaviors on commercial pig farms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-026-00530-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:15:36Z","timestamp":1784225736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis reduced tail-biting related behaviors in a commercial pig herd"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9borah","family":"Temple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mainau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Centelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dami\u00e1n","family":"Escribano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lloren\u00e7","family":"Badiella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"530_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vannucci FA, Gebhart CJ, McOrist S. 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Routine farm management and welfare monitoring were respected throughout the study, and corrective measures (thorough monitoring and husbandry, temporary space increase, tail spraying, enrichment provision) were implemented to minimize injury and distress. The participating parts were informed of the study and the procedures, and their consent was obtained for participation.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, USA) to support the editing of the Introduction and Discussion sections by improving language clarity. All content was critically reviewed, verified, and edited by the authors, who take full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the final manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of AI tools","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"53"}}