{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:34:35Z","timestamp":1786358075271,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stiftung Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover (TIHO)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Porc Health Manag"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Timely euthanasia is essential for safeguarding pig welfare by preventing unnecessary pain and suffering. However, the definition of what constitutes \u201ctimely\u201d euthanasia and which clinical signs allow identification of this time point require empirical validation. This study presents the results of an expert evaluation conducted during a continuing education course. Seventy pig-experienced veterinarians and farmers assessed on-farm recorded clinical signs, as well as photographic and video material from 130 pigs documenting the progression of disease over several days until recovery or euthanasia. For each observation day presented, participants voted for or against euthanasia and provided the reasoning underlying their decision. In total, more than 22,000 individual evaluations were collected. The time point considered appropriate for euthanasia and the associated decision criteria were analyzed and compared with the clinical signs recorded on farm. Qualitative analysis showed that expert consensus on timely euthanasia is primarily based on assessing the chance of treatment success, establishing a specific diagnosis, and evaluating clinical signs through repeated assessments. Furthermore, results indicated that euthanasia decision-making should occur within a time frame encompassing up to three re-visitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-026-00532-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T07:55:03Z","timestamp":1786175703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Criteria for timely euthanasia of compromised pigs based on expert opinion and longitudinal data collection on farm"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Julia D.","family":"Kschonek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Deters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Joost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moana","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Reinmold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrike","family":"Maiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Hennig-Pauka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Kemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christin","family":"Kleinsorgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Heinz","family":"T\u00f6lle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lothar","family":"Kreienbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Grosse Beilage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"532_CR1","unstructured":"AASV & NPB. American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV) and National Pork Board (NPB). On-Farm Euthanasia of Swine. Recommendations for the Producer. 2016. http:\/\/www.porkcdn.com\/sites\/porkorg\/library\/2016\/11\/2016-On-Farm-Euthanasia-of-Swine.pdf."},{"key":"532_CR2","first-page":"9","volume":"102","author":"J Baumgartner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baumgartner J, Binder R. Nott\u00f6tung von landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren\u2013Vorzeitige Beendigung von Schmerzen und Leiden aus Gr\u00fcnden des Tierschutzes. Wien Tierarztl Monat. 2015;102:9\u201310. Available at: https:\/\/www.wtm.at\/explorer\/WTM\/Archiv\/2015\/2015_WTM_910\/Themenheft\/WTM_9102015_Themenheft.5_Artikel_4_Art.1517.pdf.","journal-title":"Wien Tierarztl Monat"},{"key":"532_CR3","first-page":"219","volume":"102","author":"R Binder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Binder R, Baumgartner J. Emergency killing on the farm level - Provisional conclusions. Wiener tier\u00e4rztliche Monatsschrift. 2015;102:219\u201321. Available at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/285526232_Emergency_killing_on_the_farm_level_-_Provisional_conclusions.","journal-title":"Wiener tier\u00e4rztliche Monatsschrift"},{"key":"532_CR4","unstructured":"EC. Regulation (EU) 2019\/6 of the European parliament and of the council of 11 December 2018 on veterinary medicinal products and repealing Directive 2001\/82\/EC. 2018. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32019R0006."},{"key":"532_CR5","unstructured":"EC. Council Regulation (EC) No 1099\/2009, of 24 September 2009, on the protection of animals at the time of killing, (14.12.2015). 2025. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:02009R1099-20180518."},{"key":"532_CR6","unstructured":"Grosse Beilage E. Untersuchungen an verendeten\/get\u00f6teten Schweinen in Verarbeitungsbetrieben f\u00fcr tierische Nebenprodukte. Gie\u00dfen: Deutsche Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Gesellschaft (DVG) Service GmbH. 2017."},{"key":"532_CR7","unstructured":"Grosse Beilage E, Hennig-Pauka I, Kemper N, Kreienbrock L, Kunzmann P, T\u00f6lle K, Waldmann K-H, Wendt M. Abschlussbericht: Sofortma\u00dfnahmen zur Vermeidung l\u00e4nger anhaltender erheblicher Schmerzen und Leiden bei schwer erkrankten\/verletzten Schweinen durch rechtzeitige T\u00f6tung. 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-025-00463-4","volume":"11","author":"M Jacobson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jacobson M, Berglund M, Pettersson M, Sandstr\u00f6m M, Matti F, Sj\u00f6lund M, Backhans A, Ytrehus B, Ekman S. Pathological and bacteriological findings in sows, finisher pigs, and piglets, being culled for lameness. Porcine Health Manage. 2025;11(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40813-025-00463-4.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-025-00420-1","volume":"11","author":"J Kschonek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kschonek J, Deters K, Miller M, Reinmold J, Twele L, Emmerich I, K\u00e4stner S, Kemper N, Kreienbrock L, Hennig-Pauka I. Part II: understanding pain in pigs\u2014pain assessment in pigs with spontaneously occurring diseases or injuries. Porcine Health Manage. 2025a;11(1):13.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40813-025-00420-1.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-025-00421-0","volume":"11","author":"J Kschonek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kschonek J, Twele L, Deters K, Miller M, Reinmold J, Emmerich I, Hennig-Pauka I, Kemper N, Kreienbrock L, Wendt M. Part I: understanding pain in pigs\u2014basic knowledge about pain assessment, measures and therapy. Porcine Health Manage. 2025b;11(1):12.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40813-025-00421-0.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manage"},{"issue":"10","key":"532_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12100943","volume":"12","author":"J Kschonek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kschonek J, Winkelmann T, Kreienbrock L, grosse Beilage E. Clinical Reasoning About Timely Euthanasia of Compromised Pigs. Veterinary Sci. 2025c;12(10):943.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12100943.","journal-title":"Veterinary Sci"},{"key":"532_CR12","unstructured":"MFSCP-LS. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Lower Saxony (Nieders\u00e4chsisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz). Leitfaden f\u00fcr einen tierschutzgerechten Umgang mit erkrankten und verletzten Schweinen. 2022. https:\/\/www.laves.niedersachsen.de\/download\/187595."},{"issue":"4","key":"532_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.26.4.449","volume":"26","author":"CR Mullins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mullins CR, Pairis-Garcia MD, George KA, Anthony R, Johnson AK, Coleman GJ, Rault JL, Millman ST. Determination of swine euthanasia criteria and analysis of barriers to euthanasia in the United States using expert opinion. Anim Welf. 2017;26(4):449\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7120\/09627286.26.4.449.","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"issue":"15","key":"532_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14152174","volume":"14","author":"J Stoffregen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stoffregen J, Winkelmann T, Schneider B, Fehrmann M, Gerdes K, Miller M, et al. Influences on the Decision to Euthanize a Compromised Pig. Animals. 2024;14(15):2174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14152174.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"532_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-024-00378-6","volume":"10","author":"J Stoffregen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stoffregen J, Winkelmann T, Schneider B, Gerdes K, Miller M, Reinmold J, Kleinsorgen C, Toelle KH, Kreienbrock L, grosse Beilage E. Landscape review about the decision to euthanize a compromised pig. Porcine Health Manage. 2024b;10(1):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40813-024-00378-6.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manage"},{"key":"532_CR16","unstructured":"T\u00c4HV. Verordnung \u00fcber tier\u00e4rztliche Hausapotheken* (Tier\u00e4rztliche-Hausapothekenverordnung - T\u00c4HAV). 2014. https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/t_hav_2025\/BJNR1570A0024.html."},{"key":"532_CR17","first-page":"35","volume":"24","author":"C Unterweger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Unterweger C. Nott\u00f6tung beim Schwein: Ergebnisse einer Befragung unter \u00f6sterreichischen Schweinepraktikern\/innen. Klauentierpraxis. 2016;24:35.","journal-title":"Klauentierpraxis"}],"container-title":["Porcine Health Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00532-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00532-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00532-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:14:21Z","timestamp":1786356861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00532-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40813-026-00532-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The official data protection officer, W. Rottwinkel (wolfgang.rottwinkel@tiho-hannover.de), of the Stiftung Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover, has reviewed the evaluation conduct and approved the study to be in accordance with data privacy issues, i.e., ethical guidelines regarding research data of human participants. The acceptance was granted on [online survey: 01 October 2024. Since the data protection officer is not tied to an ethical review board, no official approval code was defined. Tied to the approval is the process of gathering informed consent of participants prior to any participation. For this means, both a brief and detailed introduction were provided (prior to registering: information text to achieve knowledge about the gathered information; case evaluation: information text and obligatory agreement to the use of data before any data collection is started). The informed consent form outlines that participation is voluntary, informed consent is obligatory, participants are free to withdraw at any time point, right to privacy, information about the purpose and procedure of the data collection and analysis (avoidance of deception), hint that the topic of euthanasia might have an emotional impact. Hence, informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants, and data were processed and evaluated anonymously.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional review board statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed Consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"44"}}