{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:31:45Z","timestamp":1772166705684,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pilot Feasibility Stud"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk for extra-genital sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Without extra-genital screening, many chlamydia and gonorrhea infections would be missed among MSM. Yet, many barriers exist to extra-genital testing, and, in particular, to rectal collection. Self-collection increases screening and detection of asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhea among at-risk MSM and transgender women. This feasibility study assessed use of rectal self-collection and its acceptance among patients and primary care providers (PCPs) at a large, general practice community health center. The primary objective of this project was to assess the feasibility of including rectal self-collection as part of an implementation study looking to embed an STI care program in a safety-net primary care setting that would shift routine screening tasks to non-provider clinical team members such as medical assistants and nurses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three PCPs identified and offered rectal self-collection to their MSM and transgender female patients who were due for routine or risk-based STI screening. For those patients who elected to participate in the study, the PCP\u2019s medical assistant (MA) reviewed the self-collection instructions with them as part of their routine preventive care duties, and patients collected their own sample. Patients and PCPs completed brief cross-sectional surveys assessing the self-collection process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1191 patients with sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data on file who were seen for a medical visit by one of the three PCPs, 87 (7.3%) identified as MSM or transgender female. Seventy-five were due for rectal screening, of whom 33 (44%) were offered and completed rectal self-collection. Survey results indicated that self-collection was acceptable to and preferred over clinician-collection by both PCPs and patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that rectal self-collection is feasible as part of STI screening in a high-volume primary care setting, and can be administered as part of the clinical tasks that MAs routinely conduct. The overall acceptance by both PCPs and patients will allow the inclusion of rectal self-collection in an implementation study looking to increase STI screening at a large community health center by facilitating MA-led collection during medical provider visits and by establishing standalone nurse-led STI visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-021-00928-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T03:03:54Z","timestamp":1636945434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rectal specimen self-collection for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening: a cross-sectional feasibility study at a community health center"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6187-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan S.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Bifulco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannie","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan Mc Clain","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"928_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division; 2007."},{"issue":"4","key":"928_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.11.010","volume":"58","author":"JS Leichliter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leichliter JS, O\u2019Donnell K, Kelley K, Cuffe KM, Weiss G, Gift TL. Availability of safety-net sexually transmitted disease clinical services in the US, 2018. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(4):555\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"928_CR5","unstructured":"Health Resources & Services Administration. Federally qualified health centers. Accessed 29 Sep 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"928_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000093","volume":"41","author":"LA Barbee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barbee LA, Dombrowski JC, Kerani R, Golden MR. Effect of nucleic acid amplification testing on detection of extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infections in men who have sex with men sexually transmitted disease clinic patients. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41(3):168.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"928_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0056","volume":"2","author":"AR Lutz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lutz AR. Screening for asymptomatic extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia in men who have sex with men: significance, recommendations, and options for overcoming barriers to testing. LGBT Health. 2015;2(1):27\u201334.","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"928_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chan PA, Robinette A, Montgomery M, et al. Extragenital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a review of the literature. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2016;2016:5758387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/5758387. 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Accessed 11 Jan 2020."}],"container-title":["Pilot and Feasibility Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40814-021-00928-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40814-021-00928-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40814-021-00928-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T15:39:17Z","timestamp":1636990757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40814-021-00928-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40814-021-00928-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-150316\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2055-5784"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5784","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Community Health Center, Inc. (Protocol #1124). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"208"}}