{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T04:03:10Z","timestamp":1746331390083,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746230400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007224","name":"Connaught Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pilot Feasibility Stud"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>One-third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) will not achieve a clinically meaningful response to available conventional treatments. More effective neurostimulation treatments are difficult to access and are associated with high hospital delivery costs. Patients would benefit from more efficacious and well-tolerated home-based neurostimulation treatments, which could be self-administered at a frequency required to treat MDD, maintain response, and reduce relapse. A potential novel intervention for MDD is bilateral functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the facial muscles. The portable FES stimulator delivers electrical current to excitable tissues and is suitable for home-based use. Based on the preliminary work demonstrating the feasibility of FES for MDD, the proposed study will develop a viable prototype for a \u201ctake-home\u201d FES device and perform a proof-of-concept feasibility trial for participants with MDD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This is a single-site, pilot, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial, where 20 participants will receive 20 sessions of FES over 4\u00a0weeks. The trial will evaluate the feasibility, tolerability, and safety of home-based FES for MDD. We will also collect data on the preliminary therapeutic effects of FES on depressive symptoms and associated anxiety, quality of life, and sleep. Eligible participants will have three on-site visits including one mask development visit, one mask delivery visit, and one follow-up visit at the end of the study. They will also attend 25 online visits including a screening visit, a baseline visit, 20\u00a0days of FES treatment (sham or active), and three post-stimulation follow-up visits.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Data obtained from this trial will be used to optimize the home-based FES prototype and design a follow-up, multi-site, large-scale randomized control trial to assess the effectiveness of take-home FES. The existing evidence suggests that FES of the facial muscles can reduce MDD symptoms by enhancing positive facial feedback and altering the interoceptive bias associated with MDD, but its exact mechanism of action is still under debate. Additional trials with neuroimaging outcomes are needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of FES and the corresponding changes in the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This trial has been registered at the National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information (ClinicalTrials.gov: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06261177?term=NCT06261177&amp;rank=1\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">NCT06261177<\/jats:ext-link>. Registered on January 4, 2024).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-025-01642-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T08:30:48Z","timestamp":1746261048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cTake-home\u201d functional electrical stimulation for depression: protocol for a prototype development and proof of concept randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Gholamali Nezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa K.","family":"Tassone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Demchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia Xi Mary","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Iwasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naaz","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hani E.","family":"Naguib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milos R.","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkat","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2021.05.002","volume":"147","author":"S Deyama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deyama S, Minami M, Kaneda K. Resolvins as potential candidates for the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Sep 1;147(1):33\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"1642_CR2","unstructured":"Prognosis and improved outcomes in major depression: a review | Translational Psychiatry. Available from: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-019-0460-3. Cited 2023 Jul 12."},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12056","volume":"17","author":"J Zariffa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zariffa J, Hitzig SL, Popovic MR. Neuromodulation of emotion using functional electrical stimulation applied to facial muscles. Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface. 2014 Jan 1;17(1):85\u201392.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"1642_CR4","unstructured":"Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Morgan LC, Thaler K, Lux L, Van Noord M, et al. Second-generation antidepressants in the pharmacologic treatment of adult depression\u202f: an update of the 2007 comparative effectiveness review. 2011. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/urn.kb.se\/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-117680&nbsp. Cited 2023 Jul 12."},{"key":"1642_CR5","unstructured":"Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Amick HR, Asher G, Morgan LC, Coker-Schwimmer E, et al. Nonpharmacological versus pharmacological treatments for adult patients with major depressive disorder. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2015. (AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews). Available from:\u00a0http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK338245\/.&nbsp. Cited 2023 Jul 12."},{"issue":"5","key":"1642_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.013","volume":"96","author":"OA Howlett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Howlett OA, Lannin NA, Ada L, McKinstry C. Functional electrical stimulation improves activity after stroke: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 May 1;96(5):934\u201343.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0435-5","volume":"6","author":"J Eraifej","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eraifej J, Clark W, France B, Desando S, Moore D. Effectiveness of upper limb functional electrical stimulation after stroke for the improvement of activities of daily living and motor function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 28;6(1):40.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"109","key":"1642_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2020.08.002","volume":"1","author":"LR Nascimento","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nascimento LR, da Silva LA, Ara\u00fajo Barcellos JVM, Teixeira-Salmela LF. Ankle-foot orthoses and continuous functional electrical stimulation improve walking speed after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Physiotherapy. 2020 Dec;1(109):43\u201353.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"1642_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-019-08589-9","volume":"22","author":"S Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo S, Xu H, Zuo Y, Liu X, All AH. A review of functional electrical stimulation treatment in spinal cord injury. NeuroMolecular Med. 2020 Dec 1;22(4):447\u201363.","journal-title":"NeuroMolecular Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2020.1763713","volume":"45","author":"AR Alashram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alashram AR, Annino G, Mercuri NB. Changes in spasticity following functional electrical stimulation cycling in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022 Jan 2;45(1):10\u201323.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00882-8","volume":"18","author":"JW van der Scheer","year":"2021","unstructured":"van der Scheer JW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Valentino SE, Davis GM, Ho CH. Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes. J NeuroEngineering Rehabil. 2021 Jun 12;18(1):99.","journal-title":"J NeuroEngineering Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0730-6","volume":"18","author":"N Kapadia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kapadia N, Zivanovic V, Moineau B, Downar J, Zariffa J, Popovic MR. Functional electrical stimulation of the facial muscles to improve symptoms in individuals with major depressive disorder: pilot feasibility study. Biomed Eng OnLine. 2019 Nov 14;18(1):109.","journal-title":"Biomed Eng OnLine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1642_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9060131","volume":"9","author":"M Eggart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eggart M, Lange A, Binser MJ, Queri S, M\u00fcller-Oerlinghausen B. Major depressive disorder is associated with impaired interoceptive accuracy: a systematic review. Brain Sci. 2019 Jun;9(6):131.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"7841","key":"1642_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-3037-7","volume":"589","author":"AS Cowen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cowen AS, Keltner D, Schroff F, Jou B, Adam H, Prasad G. Sixteen facial expressions occur in similar contexts worldwide. Nature. 2021 Jan;589(7841):251\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"1642_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.2.342","volume":"58","author":"P Ekman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ekman P, Davidson RJ, Friesen WV. The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology: II. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990;58(2):342\u201353.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.1.172","volume":"7","author":"LA Parr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parr LA, Waller BM, Vick SJ, Bard KA. Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action. Emotion. 2007;7(1):172\u201381.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"252","key":"1642_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.02.052","volume":"1","author":"M Perron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perron M, Roy-Charland A, Dickinson J, LaForge C, Ryan RJ, Pelot A. The use of the Duchenne marker and symmetry of the expression in the judgment of smiles in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2017 Jun;1(252):126\u201333.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1642_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Embodied emotion modulates neural signature of performance monitoring | PLOS ONE. . Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0005754. Cited 2023 Jul 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005754"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.2.1.52","volume":"2","author":"R Soussignan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Soussignan R. Duchenne smile, emotional experience, and autonomic reactivity: a test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Emotion. 2002;2(1):52\u201374.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"5","key":"1642_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.768","volume":"54","author":"F Strack","year":"1988","unstructured":"Strack F, Martin LL, Stepper S. Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54(5):768\u201377.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01187-8","volume":"20","author":"I Demchenko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demchenko I, Desai N, Iwasa SN, Gholamali Nezhad F, Zariffa J, Kennedy SH, et al. Manipulating facial musculature with functional electrical stimulation as an intervention for major depressive disorder: a focused search of literature for a proposal. J NeuroEngineering Rehabil. 2023 May 16;20(1):64.","journal-title":"J NeuroEngineering Rehabil"},{"key":"1642_CR22","unstructured":"Izard CE. The face of emotion. East Norwalk, CT, US: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1971. xii, 468 p. (The face of emotion)."},{"key":"1642_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gothard K. The amygdalo-motor pathways and the control of facial expressions. Front Neurosci. 2014;8. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2014.00043. Cited 2023 Jul 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00043"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1801-28","volume":"18","author":"R Martin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martin R, Sadowsky C, Obst K, Meyer B, McDonald J. Functional electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury: from theory to practice. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012 Jan 31;18(1):28\u201333.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960 Feb;23(1):56\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1642_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01866-8","volume":"54","author":"AJ Rush","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Ibrahim HM, Carmody TJ, Arnow B, Klein DN, et al. The 16-item quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Sep 1;54(5):573\u201383.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"1642_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, L\u00f6we B. A Brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006 May 22;166(10):1092\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1642_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000376585","volume":"84","author":"CW Topp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Topp CW, \u00d8stergaard SD, S\u00f8ndergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 well-being index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom. 2015 Mar 28;84(3):167\u201376.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"2","key":"1642_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989 May 1;28(2):193\u2013213.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1642_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","volume":"158","author":"AW Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Krle\u017ea-Jeri\u0107 K, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Feb 5;158(3):200\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1642_CR31","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"S Dv","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dv S. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview forDSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiat. 1998;59:22\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiat."},{"issue":"4","key":"1642_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","volume":"134","author":"SA Montgomery","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery SA, \u00c5sberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979 Apr;134(4):382\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1642_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199004000-00004","volume":"10","author":"HA Sackeim","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP, Decina P, Kerr B, Malitz S. The impact of medication resistance and continuation pharmacotherapy on relapse following response to electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990 Apr;10(2):96.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1642_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.09.026","volume":"126","author":"D Bennabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bennabi D, Nicolier M, Monnin J, Tio G, Pazart L, Vandel P, et al. Pilot study of feasibility of the effect of treatment with tDCS in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression treated with escitalopram. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Jun 1;126(6):1185\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0439-0","volume":"9","author":"ML Alexander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexander ML, Alagapan S, Lugo CE, Mellin JM, Lustenberger C, Rubinow DR, et al. Double-blind, randomized pilot clinical trial targeting alpha oscillations with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Transl Psychiatry. 2019 Mar 5;9(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1642_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.639802","volume":"15","author":"EV Harel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harel EV, Rabany L, Deutsch L, Bloch Y, Zangen A, Levkovitz Y. H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment resistant major depressive disorder: an 18-week continuation safety and feasibility study. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2014 May 1;15(4):298\u2013306.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1642_CR37","unstructured":"Ekman P, Friesen WV. Facial action coding system. Available from: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/Landing?doi=10.1037%2Ft27734-000. Cited 2023 Jul 18."},{"issue":"5","key":"1642_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310392924","volume":"25","author":"MR Popovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Popovic MR, Kapadia N, Zivanovic V, Furlan JC, Craven BC, McGillivray C. Functional electrical stimulation therapy of voluntary grasping versus only conventional rehabilitation for patients with subacute incomplete tetraplegia: a randomized clinical trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011 Jun 1;25(5):433\u201342.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"1642_CR39","unstructured":"Comparison of guidelines for the treatment of unipolar depression: a focus on pharmacotherapy and neurostimulation - Bayes - 2018 - Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica - Wiley Online Library. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.12878?casa_token=ds5ahAoAgnQAAAAA%3AMnt1zpXuH7YKgM6Y_iRZCMS1b0eWJt3Nb9TGRzpZnrbPXrmwQbHc0_lMYJriS09JKte7JL9pmK6HmsHQ. Cited 2023 Jul 18."},{"key":"1642_CR40","unstructured":"Tomkins S. Affect imagery consciousness: volume i: the positive affects. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc."},{"key":"1642_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapadia N, Moineau B, Popovic MR. Functional Electrical stimulation therapy for retraining reaching and grasping after spinal cord injury and stroke. Front Neurosci. 2020;14. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00718. Cited 2023 Jul 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00718"}],"container-title":["Pilot and Feasibility Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01642-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01642-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01642-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T08:30:53Z","timestamp":1746261053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01642-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01642-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5784"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5784","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Unity Health Toronto Research Ethics Board has approved this study (REB number: 22\u2013175). All participants will be required to give informed, written consent to participate in the study. The principal investigator will be responsible for decisions to amend the protocol and inform REB for approval. Amendments to the protocol will be documented using version numbers and dates.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"St. Michael\u2019s Hospital is receiving financial payment from the funders to cover the cost of conducting the study. The principal investigator of this study has no financial or competing interests to declare.Dr. Popovic is involved with MyndTec Inc. () as a shareholder and a director of the company. As a director, Dr. Popovic receives financial compensation for his time on the activity. MyndTec is presently manufacturing the product MyndMove. This is a functional electrical stimulation device for restoring upper limb function in people with upper limb paralysis. Functional electrical stimulation is what we are doing in this study.Dr. Popovic has a patent approved on February 16, 2016, with Dr. S. Hitzig and Dr. J Zariffa \u201cFunctional electrical stimulation method, use and apparatus for mood alteration.\u201d The applicant is the University Health Network. Mood alteration is what we are doing in this study. Dr. Popovic is consulting for a company called Fourier Intelligence which is designing rehabilitation robotics technologies and receives financial compensation for this activity.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"60"}}