{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T11:47:42Z","timestamp":1772279262239,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000867","name":"Commonwealth Scholarship Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BDCS-2021-607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BDCS-2021-607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRCRPG-Nov21\\100002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRCRPG-Nov21\\100002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pilot Feasibility Stud"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent tobacco use remains a significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Bangladesh. To address this issue, an Intervention for Adolescent Tobacco Initiation Prevention (IATIP) has been developed. This study aims to assess the feasibility of implementing the IATIP and to evaluate its potential efficacy in preventing tobacco initiation and promoting adolescent health and well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This pilot school-based cluster randomised controlled trial will be conducted among adolescents (\n                      <jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2248\u00a01280 participants) in school years 8 and 9 attending participating schools (\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098 schools) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The intervention consists of three 40-min sessions delivered over three successive days, incorporating knowledge- and skill-based lectures, interactive activities, and materials targeting tobacco prevention and health promotion. The intervention was developed based on evidence from a systematic review, a quantitative survey, qualitative focus groups, and expert consensus. The primary outcome is intervention feasibility, assessed through recruitment and attrition rates, fidelity of delivery, and acceptability. Secondary outcomes include changes in tobacco use intentions, tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, skills development, and measures of health and well-being. Data will be collected through structured questionnaires at baseline and at 1-month follow-up. A post-intervention process evaluation will be conducted with a sub-sample of pupils in the intervention arm and their teachers, using a mixed-methods approach to explore implementation processes, facilitation, participant experiences, and areas for improvement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pilot trial addresses a critical gap in adolescent tobacco control in LMICs. By combining evidence-based strategies, the IATIP aims to equip adolescents with the knowledge and skills necessary to resist tobacco initiation and to enhance overall health and well-being. Successful implementation of the intervention may contribute to reduced tobacco initiation, lower exposure to second-hand smoke, and improved adolescent health outcomes. Given the scalability of school-based interventions, the findings of this study may inform future large-scale definitive trials and influence national policies and strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06399588)<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-025-01710-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T18:28:00Z","timestamp":1763404080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intervention for adolescent tobacco initiation prevention (IATIP) to promote health and well-being: a protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9433-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahadat","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8586-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Beard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4033-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lion","family":"Shahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10258","key":"1710_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30752-2","volume":"396","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray CJL, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1223\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30752-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1710_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Fact sheet on tobacco. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco: 2023 Contract No.: February 03, 2025."},{"issue":"6","key":"1710_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab265","volume":"24","author":"H He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He H, Pan Z, Wu J, Hu C, Bai L, Lyu J. Health effects of tobacco at the global, regional, and national levels: results from the 2019 global burden of disease study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022;24(6):864\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntab265. (PubMed PMID: 34928373).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1710_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1105248","volume":"365","author":"JJ Prochaska","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prochaska JJ. Smoking and mental illness\u2013breaking the link. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(3):196\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp1105248. (PubMed PMID: 21774707; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4457781).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1710_CR5","unstructured":"WHO. The vicious cycle of tobacco use and mental illness \u2013 a double burden on health World Health Organization. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.2021 [May 26, 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/disease-prevention\/tobacco\/news\/news\/2021\/11\/the-vicious-cycle-of-tobacco-use-and-mental-illness-a-double-burden-on-health."},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000070507","volume":"5","author":"P Rohde","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rohde P, Lewinsohn PM, Brown RA, Gau JM, Kahler CW. Psychiatric disorders, familial factors and cigarette smoking: I. Associations with smoking initiation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2003;5(1):85\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1462220031000070507. (Epub 2003\/05\/15. PubMed PMID: 12745510).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1710_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.93343311.x","volume":"93","author":"LG Escobedo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Escobedo LG, Reddy M, Giovino GA. The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents. Addiction. 1998;93(3):433\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.93343311.x. (Epub 1999\/05\/18. Epub 1999\/05\/18. PubMed PMID: 10328050).","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"10","key":"1710_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.88.10.1518","volume":"88","author":"GC Patton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Patton GC, Carlin JB, Coffey C, Wolfe R, Hibbert M, Bowes G. Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(10):1518\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.88.10.1518. (Epub 1998\/10\/17. PubMed PMID: 9772855; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1508459).","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1710_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.02.011","volume":"61","author":"RM Viner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Viner RM, Hargreaves DS, Motta J, Horta B, Mokdad AH, Patton G. Adolescence and later life disease burden: quantifying the contribution of adolescent tobacco initiation from longitudinal cohorts. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61(2):171\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.02.011. (PubMed PMID: 28734324).","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"1710_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500110059035","author":"LG Escobedo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Escobedo LG. Sports participation, age at smoking initiation, and the risk of smoking among US high school students. JAMA. 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1993.03500110059035.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"1710_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014381","volume":"9","author":"T Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu T, Gall SL, Widome R, Bazzano LA, Burns TL, Daniels SR, et al. Childhood\/adolescent smoking and adult smoking and cessation: the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) consortium. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(7):e014381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.119.014381. (Epub 20200408. PubMed PMID: 32264731; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7428613).","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"9629","key":"1710_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60871-5","volume":"371","author":"DK Hatsukami","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hatsukami DK, Stead LF, Gupta PC. Tobacco addiction. Lancet. 2008;371(9629):2027\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60871-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1710_CR13","unstructured":"WHO. Adolescent health Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2022 [Jan 06, 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"1710_CR14","unstructured":"WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging products. World Health Organization. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240032095: 2021."},{"key":"1710_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ninivaggi FJ. Physician Wellness: Engaging Mindfulness. 2020. In: Learned Mindfulness. Academic Press; [113\u201335]. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-816484-6.00006-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816484-6.00006-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073917697824","volume":"10","author":"R Hernandez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernandez R, Bassett SM, Boughton SW, Schuette SA, Shiu EW, Moskowitz JT. Psychological well-being and physical health: associations, mechanisms, and future directions. Emot Rev. 2018;10(1):18\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1754073917697824. (Epub 20171020. PubMed PMID: 36650890; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9841922).","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31863-7","volume":"13","author":"YH Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang YH, Yang CT, Hsieh S. Social support enhances the mediating effect of psychological resilience on the relationship between life satisfaction and depressive symptom severity. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):4818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-31863-7. (Epub 20230324. PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC10036971).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1710_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/10253823050120030103","volume":"12","author":"I Young","year":"2005","unstructured":"Young I. Health promotion in schools - a historical perspective. Promot Educ. 2005;12(3\u20134):112\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10253823050120030103. (PubMed PMID: 16739495).","journal-title":"Promot Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043727","volume":"40","author":"LJ Kolbe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolbe LJ. School health as a strategy to improve both public health and education. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019;40(1):443\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043727. (Epub 20181219. PubMed PMID: 30566386).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"1710_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21641","volume":"49","author":"M Sklad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sklad M, Diekstra R, Ritter MD, Ben J, Gravesteijn C. Effectiveness of school-based universal social, emotional, and behavioral programs: do they enhance students\u2019 development in the area of skill, behavior, and adjustment? Psychol Sch. 2012;49(9):892\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.21641.","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"issue":"2","key":"1710_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2025.107656","volume":"69","author":"S Hossain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hossain S, Tattan-Birch H, Beard E, Shahab L. Evaluating school-based interventions for preventing and reducing tobacco use among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2025;69(2):107656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2025.107656. (Epub 20250514. PubMed PMID: 40379060).","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1710_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006976","volume":"5","author":"RE Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas RE, McLellan J, Perera R. Effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention curricula: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(3):e006976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006976. (Epub 2015\/03\/12. PubMed PMID: 25757946; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4360839).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"1710_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301874","volume":"104","author":"DR Hale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hale DR, Fitzgerald-Yau N, Viner RM. A systematic review of effective interventions for reducing multiple health risk behaviors in adolescence. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(5):e19-41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301874. (Epub 20140313. PubMed PMID: 24625172; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3987586).","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"1710_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2019-055418","volume":"30","author":"S Hossain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hossain S, Anjum A, Uddin ME, Rahman F, Mahmud HM, Ahmed MK, et al. Regulating tobacco retail outlets in Bangladesh: retailers\u2019 views and implications for tobacco control advocacy. Tob Control. 2021;30(6):687\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2019-055418. (Epub 2020\/09\/10. PubMed PMID: 32900919).","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.5195\/cajgh.2017.244","volume":"6","author":"S Hossain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hossain S, Hossain S, Ahmed F, Islam R, Sikder T, Rahman A. Prevalence of tobacco smoking and factors associated with the initiation of smoking among university students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cent Asian J Glob Health. 2017;6(1):244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5195\/cajgh.2017.244. (Epub 2017\/11\/16. PubMed PMID: 29138736; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5675390).","journal-title":"Cent Asian J Glob Health"},{"key":"1710_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.708909","volume":"12","author":"A Anjum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anjum A, Hossain S, Hasan MT, Alin SI, Uddin ME, Sikder MT. Depressive symptom and associated factors among school adolescents of urban, semi-urban and rural areas in Bangladesh: a scenario prior to COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:708909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.708909. (Epub 2021\/10\/16. PubMed PMID: 34650452; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8505799).","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR27","unstructured":"WHO. Report of first Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), Bangladesh, 2014 World Health Organization. Country Office for Bangladesh2018 [January 19, 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/330721."},{"key":"1710_CR28","unstructured":"WHO. Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Bangladesh report, 2013. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi.: 2015 978\u201392\u20139022\u2013481\u20135 Contract No.: January 19, 2022."},{"issue":"8","key":"1710_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2017.1325890","volume":"32","author":"R West","year":"2017","unstructured":"West R. Tobacco smoking: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health. 2017;32(8):1018\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08870446.2017.1325890. (Epub 2017\/05\/30. PubMed PMID: 28553727; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5490618).","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262716","volume":"17","author":"A Anjum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anjum A, Hossain S, Hasan MT, Uddin ME, Sikder MT. Anxiety among urban, semi-urban and rural school adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh: investigating prevalence and associated factors. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(1):e0262716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0262716. (Epub 20220121. PubMed PMID: 35061810; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8782381).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10623-0","volume":"21","author":"T Ahammed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahammed T, Ahmed NU, Uddin MJ. Changes in prevalence, and factors associated with tobacco use among Bangladeshi school students: evidence from two nationally representative surveys. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10623-0. (Epub 2021\/03\/25. PubMed PMID: 33757487; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7989242).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10036","key":"1710_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1","volume":"387","author":"GC Patton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Santelli JS, Ross DA, Afifi R, Allen NB, et al. Our future: a lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. Lancet. 2016;387(10036):2423\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1. (Epub 20160509. PubMed PMID: 27174304; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5832967).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-013-9486-6","volume":"46","author":"S Michie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann Behav Med. 2013;46(1):81\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-013-9486-6.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","volume":"6","author":"S Michie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. 2011;6(1):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42. (Epub 2011\/04\/26. PubMed PMID: 21513547; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3096582).","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0605-9","volume":"12","author":"L Atkins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Atkins L, Francis J, Islam R, O\u2019Connor D, Patey A, Ivers N, et al. A guide to using the theoretical domains framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems. Implement Sci. 2017;12(1):77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-017-0605-9. (Epub 2017\/06\/24. PubMed PMID: 28637486; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5480145).","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"1710_CR36","unstructured":"Young C, Perovi\u0107 N, UCL. ABC Learning Design London, UK: UCL; 2022 [24\/01\/2024]. Available from: https:\/\/blogs.ucl.ac.uk\/abc-ld\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"1710_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001293.pub3","volume":"2013","author":"RE Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas RE, McLellan J, Perera R. School-based programmes for preventing smoking. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(5):CD001293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001293.pub3. (Epub 2013\/05\/02. PubMed PMID: 23633306; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7028068).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1710_CR38","first-page":"250","volume":"24","author":"GJ Botvin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Botvin GJ, Kantor LW. Preventing Alcohol and tobacco use through life skills training. Alcohol Res Health. 2000;24(4):250\u20137 (PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6709746).","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1710_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"1710_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208. (Epub 20190509. PubMed PMID: 31078660; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7254481).","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12238","volume":"36","author":"LMH Sanetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanetti LMH, Cook BG, Cook L. Treatment fidelity: what it is and why it matters. Learn Disabil Res Pract. 2021;36(1):5\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ldrp.12238.","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Res Pract"},{"key":"1710_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13286","volume":"95","author":"SK Krach","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krach SK, McCreery MP, Monk MM, Bagneris JR. Fidelity in school-based positive behavioral interventions and supports: current status of compliance. J Sch Health. 2022;95:295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josh.13286. (Epub 20221119. PubMed PMID: 36401562).","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0300-7","volume":"12","author":"R Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell R, Rawlins E, Wells S, Kipping RR, Chittleborough CR, Peters TJ, et al. Intervention fidelity in a school-based diet and physical activity intervention in the UK: active for life year 5. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12(1):141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-015-0300-7. (Epub 20151111. PubMed PMID: 26559131; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4642771).","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-7-15","volume":"7","author":"S Stewart-Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stewart-Brown S, Tennant A, Tennant R, Platt S, Parkinson J, Weich S. Internal construct validity of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): a Rasch analysis using data from the Scottish Health Education Population Survey. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;7(1):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-7-15. (Epub 20090219. PubMed PMID: 19228398; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2669062).","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"5","key":"1710_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-016-1454-8","volume":"26","author":"L Ng Fat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng Fat L, Scholes S, Boniface S, Mindell J, Stewart-Brown S. Evaluating and establishing national norms for mental wellbeing using the short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS): findings from the Health Survey for England. Qual Life Res. 2017;26(5):1129\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-016-1454-8. (Epub 20161116. PubMed PMID: 27853963; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5376387).","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04340-0","volume":"22","author":"A Anjum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anjum A, Hossain S, Hasan MT, Christopher E, Uddin ME, Sikder MT. Stress symptoms and associated factors among adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh: findings from a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-022-04340-0. (Epub 2022\/12\/20. PubMed PMID: 36536311; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9761971).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihz092","author":"A Anjum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anjum A, Hossain S, Sikder T, Uddin ME, Rahim DA. Investigating the prevalence of and factors associated with depressive symptoms among urban and semi-urban school adolescents in Bangladesh: a pilot study. Int Health. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inthealth\/ihz092. (Epub 2019\/11\/07. PubMed PMID: 31693088).","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2007.00265.x","volume":"78","author":"XM Wen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wen XM, Chen WP, Qian ZP, Muscat JEP, Lu CP, Ling WP. Differences in students\u2019 smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among public, factory, and private secondary schools in Guangzhou, China. J Sch Health. 2008;78(1):46.","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1710_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258288","volume":"16","author":"S Ramirez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramirez S, Gana S, Godoy MI, Valenzuela D, Araya R, Gaete J. Validation of the European Drug Addiction Prevention Trial Questionnaire (EU-Dap) for substance use screening and to assess risk and protective factors among early adolescents in Chile. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(10):e0258288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258288. (Epub 20211011. PubMed PMID: 34634082; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8504767).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"1710_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyw031","volume":"31","author":"G Carreras","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carreras G, Bosi S, Angelini P, Gorini G. Mediating factors of a school-based multi-component smoking prevention intervention: the LdP cluster randomized controlled trial. Health Educ Res. 2016;31(4):439\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/her\/cyw031. (Epub 20160610. PubMed PMID: 27288347).","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"1710_CR51","unstructured":"WHO. Global Youth Tobacco Survey. World Health Organization. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.whoint\/teams\/noncommunicable-diseases\/surveillance\/systems-tools\/global-youth-tobacco-survey."},{"issue":"2","key":"1710_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013537","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013537","volume":"7","author":"KN Avery","year":"2017","unstructured":"Avery KN, Williamson PR, Gamble C, O\u2019Connell Francischetto E, Metcalfe C, Davidson P, et al. Informing efficient randomised controlled trials: exploration of challenges in developing progression criteria for internal pilot studies. BMJ Open. 2017;7(2):e013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013537. (Epub 20170217. PubMed PMID: 28213598; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5318608).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"1710_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-096963","volume":"15","author":"YN Soe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soe YN, Thomson M, Reid K, Moore L, Bintoro BS, Dong B, et al. A stop smoking in schools trial in three culturally different middle-income countries (ASSIST global): protocol for a randomised feasibility study. BMJ Open. 2025;15(6):e096963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-096963. (Epub 20250622. PubMed PMID: 40545305; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC12184387).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-025-01696-4","volume":"11","author":"V Plourde","year":"2025","unstructured":"Plourde V, Corriveau H, Ahmadi S. Feasibility of an ultra-brief group cognitive behavioral skills workshops for organization, time management, and planning strategies in university students: study protocol. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2025;11(1):114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01696-4. (Epub 20250826. PubMed PMID: 40859338; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC12379549).","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-024-01537-w","volume":"10","author":"F Dobbie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dobbie F, Miller M, Wardle H, Dahlby L, Weir C, Niven A, et al. Protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of PRoGRAM-A (preventing gambling-related harm in adolescents): a secondary school-based social network intervention. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2024;10(1):109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40814-024-01537-w. (Epub 20240813. PubMed PMID: 39138530; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC11321010).","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"key":"1710_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i5239","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5239","volume":"355","author":"SM Eldridge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eldridge SM, Chan CL, Campbell MJ, Bond CM, Hopewell S, Thabane L, et al. CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. BMJ. 2016;355:i5239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i5239. (Epub 20161024. PubMed PMID: 27777223; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5076380).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-264","volume":"15","author":"MD Teare","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teare MD, Dimairo M, Shephard N, Hayman A, Whitehead A, Walters SJ. Sample size requirements to estimate key design parameters from external pilot randomised controlled trials: a simulation study. Trials. 2014;15(1):264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1745-6215-15-264. (Epub 20140703. PubMed PMID: 24993581; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4227298).","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-021-00770-x","volume":"7","author":"M Lewis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lewis M, Bromley K, Sutton CJ, McCray G, Myers HL, Lancaster GA. Determining sample size for progression criteria for pragmatic pilot RCTs: the hypothesis test strikes back! Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2021;7(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40814-021-00770-x. (Epub 20210203. PubMed PMID: 33536076; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7856754).","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117","volume":"13","author":"NK Gale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13(1):117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117. (Epub 2013\/09\/21. PubMed PMID: 24047204; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3848812).","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1710_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"MR000032","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.MR000032.pub3","volume":"3","author":"K Gillies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gillies K, Kearney A, Keenan C, Treweek S, Hudson J, Brueton VC, et al. Strategies to improve retention in randomised trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;3(3):MR000032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.MR000032.pub3. (Epub 20210306. PubMed PMID: 33675536; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8092429).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Pilot and Feasibility Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01710-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01710-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01710-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T18:28:05Z","timestamp":1763404085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01710-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01710-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5784"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5784","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this trial has been obtained from the institutional review board, \u2018Biosafety, Biosecurity & Ethical Committee\u2019 of Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh [Ref No: BBEC, JU\/M 2024\/02 (82)], securing research and ethical permission in the host country. Furthermore, international ethics approval has been obtained from University College London, with the UCL Research Ethics Committee Approval ID Number 22645\/004. Additionally, this pilot trial will adhere to the highest ethical standards and governance practices to ensure the rights, safety, and well-being of all participants. Participants and parents\/guardians will receive clear trial information, including its nature, purpose, and procedures. Both participant and parental information sheets and consent forms will be distributed in hardcopy or electronically (depending on school preference), emphasizing voluntary participation and withdrawal rights. If parental consent is provided, students will still need to provide additional written consent prior to the baseline assessment. Confidentiality and privacy will be strictly maintained, detailing how participant data will be anonymized and securely stored.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"145"}}