{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:31:12Z","timestamp":1772166672843,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HD108252-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HD108252-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pilot Feasibility Stud"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In India, newly married young women (18\u201325\u00a0years of age) face high rates of unintended pregnancy. Poor sexual and reproductive health knowledge combined with restrictive social norms leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes among young women, while limited female autonomy prevents them from accessing accurate healthcare information and support. We examined the feasibility and acceptability of TARANG, a life skills and reproductive health empowerment intervention developed for and with young newly married women using a community-engaged approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report the findings from a convergent mixed-methods, single-group cluster pilot study in Rajasthan, India. We recruited 42 newly married women as participants in our study. Of these, 41 participants (retention rate\u2009=\u200997.6%) completed both baseline and endline surveys in July 2023 and January 2024, respectively. The intervention comprised 16 weekly sessions. Attendance was tracked electronically. We assessed three primary outcomes: feasibility (proportion completing\u2009\u2265\u200950% sessions), acceptability (proportion satisfied\/somewhat satisfied), and usefulness (proportion finding TARANG useful\/somewhat useful). Twelve participants were interviewed to understand intervention acceptance and usefulness, and 6 program staff and moderators\u00a0were interviewed to understand implementation barriers. We analyzed quantitative data using descriptive statistics and qualitative data using thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-five participants completed at least one session, with 73.8% attending at least half of the sessions (6 did not attend any sessions). Among those who attended at least one session, 97.1% were satisfied\/somewhat satisfied, and 100% found the intervention useful\/somewhat useful. Qualitative findings revealed participants\u2019 appreciation for open discussions on sensitive topics\u00a0like\u00a0family planning. The intervention filled knowledge gaps in family planning methods, fostered social connections through rapport building, enhanced sense of agency, and improved relationships with mothers-in-law and husbands. Implementation barriers included women\u2019s workload, cultural norms of extended stays at natal homes, and the need for intense rapport building. These insights informed intervention refinements, including session modifications, increased engagement strategies, and integration of educational videos.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our pilot study demonstrated high acceptability and feasibility, with multiple benefits for young, newly married women. Our findings informed adaptations to enhance TARANG\u2019s delivery and satisfaction. The effectiveness of TARANG will be tested in a larger cluster randomized controlled trial currently underway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06320964). Registered retrospectively on 13 March 2024,\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06320964\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06320964<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-025-01720-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T09:29:15Z","timestamp":1763198955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility and acceptability of a life skills and reproductive health empowerment intervention for young newly married women in Rajasthan, India: a pre-post convergent mixed methods pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3226-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumeet","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debangana","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anshuman","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Payal","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Kachhwaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Diamond-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1720_CR1","unstructured":"International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019\u201321. Demographic and Health Survey. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences; 2021."},{"key":"1720_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones GW. Changing marriage patterns in Asia. In: Routledge Handbook of Asian Demography. Routledge; 2017.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315148458-19"},{"key":"1720_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2016.00149.x","volume":"42","author":"K Allendorf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Allendorf K, Pandian RK. The decline of arranged marriage? Marital change and continuity in India. Popul Dev Rev. 2016;42:435\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2016.00149.x.","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"key":"1720_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/697584","author":"U Khalil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khalil U, Mookerjee S. Patrilocal residence and women\u2019s social status: evidence from South Asia. Econ Dev Cult Change. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/697584.","journal-title":"Econ Dev Cult Change"},{"key":"1720_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292084","volume":"18","author":"L Gopalakrishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan L, Bertozzi S, Rabe-Hesketh S. Role of marriage, motherhood, son preference on adolescent girls\u2019 and young women\u2019s empowerment: evidence from a panel study in India. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0292084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292084.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1720_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744133118000130","volume":"14","author":"J Skordis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skordis J, Pace N, Vera-Hernandez M, Rasul I, Fitzsimons E, Osrin D, et al. Family networks and healthy behaviour: evidence from Nepal. Health Econ Policy Law. 2019;14:231\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1744133118000130.","journal-title":"Health Econ Policy Law"},{"key":"1720_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/ajae.12114","volume":"102","author":"S Anukriti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anukriti S, Herrera-Almanza C, Pathak PK, Karra M. Curse of the mummy-ji: the influence of mothers-in-law on women in India\u2020. Am J Agric Econ. 2020;102:1328\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajae.12114.","journal-title":"Am J Agric Econ"},{"key":"1720_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01116-9","volume":"18","author":"A Dixit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dixit A, Bhan N, Benmarhnia T, Reed E, Kiene SM, Silverman J, et al. The association between early in marriage fertility pressure from in-laws\u2019 and family planning behaviors, among married adolescent girls in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. Reprod Health. 2021;18:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-021-01116-9.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"1720_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5958\/2249-7315.2015.00132.X","volume":"5","author":"M Ghule","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghule M, Raj A, Palaye P, Dasgupta A, Nair S, Saggurti N, et al. Barriers to use contraceptive methods among rural young married couples in Maharashtra, India: qualitative findings. Asian J Res Soc Sci Humanit. 2015;5:18\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5958\/2249-7315.2015.00132.X.","journal-title":"Asian J Res Soc Sci Humanit"},{"key":"1720_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/ghsp-d-22-00050","author":"Anvita Dixit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dixit Anvita, Ghule Mohan, Rao Namratha, Battala Madhusudana, Begum Shahina, Johns Nicole E., et al. Qualitative examination of the role and influence of mothers-in-law on young married couples\u2019 family planning in rural Maharashtra, India. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9745\/ghsp-d-22-00050.","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"1720_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249177","volume":"16","author":"S Mukherjee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mukherjee S, Mahapatra B, Saggurti N. Why women do not use contraceptives: exploring the role of male out-migration. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0249177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249177.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1720_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243854","volume":"16","author":"M Jain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jain M, Caplan Y, Ramesh BM, Isac S, Anand P, Engl E, et al. Understanding drivers of family planning in rural northern India: an integrated mixed-methods approach. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0243854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0243854.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1720_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-015-0086-8","volume":"12","author":"SK Banerjee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Banerjee SK, Andersen KL, Warvadekar J, Aich P, Rawat A, Upadhyay B. How prepared are young, rural women in India to address their sexual and reproductive health needs? A cross-sectional assessment of youth in Jharkhand. Reprod Health. 2015;12:97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-015-0086-8.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"1720_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7053-1","volume":"19","author":"K Rose-Clarke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rose-Clarke K, Pradhan H, Rath S, Rath S, Samal S, Gagrai S, et al. Adolescent girls\u2019 health, nutrition and wellbeing in rural eastern India: a descriptive, cross-sectional community-based study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7053-1.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1720_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2017.1383513","volume":"20","author":"KA McClendon","year":"2018","unstructured":"McClendon KA, McDougal L, Ayyaluru S, Belayneh Y, Sinha A, Silverman JG, et al. Intersections of girl child marriage and family planning beliefs and use: qualitative findings from Ethiopia and India. Cult Health Sex. 2018;20:799\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2017.1383513.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"1720_CR16","unstructured":"Ghimire A, Samuels F. Change and continuity in social norms and practices around marriage and education in Nepal. ODI; 2014."},{"key":"1720_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5195\/jyd.2021.1048","volume":"16","author":"P Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar P, Nuken A, Datta N, Vyas A. Impact of an empowerment and employability program for adolescent girls: evidence from India. J Youth Dev. 2021;16:255\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5195\/jyd.2021.1048.","journal-title":"J Youth Dev"},{"key":"1720_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/01609513.2022.2124495","volume":"46","author":"P Majumdar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Majumdar P, Purkayastha S, Goswami D. Empowerment of adolescent girls and gender based violence prevention through sports: a group work intervention in India. Soc Work Groups. 2023;46:338\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01609513.2022.2124495.","journal-title":"Soc Work Groups"},{"key":"1720_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20201112","volume":"112","author":"D Dhar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dhar D, Jain T, Jayachandran S. Reshaping adolescents\u2019 gender attitudes: evidence from a school-based experiment in India. Am Econ Rev. 2022;112:899\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.20201112.","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"1720_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt012","volume":"42","author":"TA Houweling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Houweling TA, Tripathy P, Nair N, Rath S, Rath S, Gope R, et al. The equity impact of participatory women\u2019s groups to reduce neonatal mortality in India: secondary analysis of a cluster-randomised trial. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:520\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyt012.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1720_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7274-3","volume":"19","author":"RK Gope","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gope RK, Tripathy P, Prasad V, Pradhan H, Sinha RK, Panda R, et al. Effects of participatory learning and action with women\u2019s groups, counselling through home visits and cr\u00e8ches on undernutrition among children under three years in eastern India: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7274-3.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1720_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00287-9","volume":"4","author":"P Tripathy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tripathy P, Nair N, Sinha R, Rath S, Gope RK, Rath S, et al. Effect of participatory women\u2019s groups facilitated by accredited social health activists on birth outcomes in rural eastern India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4:e119\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00287-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"1720_CR23","unstructured":"Shah H, Adyanthaya S, Gope RK, Kumar A. Using the participatory learning and action approach to improve community engagement: learnings from India. 2023."},{"key":"1720_CR24","unstructured":"Ministry of Rural Development G of I. Dashboard-NRLM eGov application-government of India. Dashborad of National Rural Health Mission, Inid. https:\/\/nrlm.gov.in\/dashboardForOuter.do?methodName=dashboard#. Accessed 28 Mar 2024."},{"key":"1720_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202562","volume":"13","author":"N Saggurti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saggurti N, Atmavilas Y, Porwal A, Schooley J, Das R, Kande N, et al. Effect of health intervention integration within women\u2019s self-help groups on collectivization and healthy practices around reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health in rural India. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0202562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0202562.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1720_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291866","volume":"18","author":"A Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar A, Sethi V, de Wagt A, Parhi RN, Bhattacharjee S, Unisa S, et al. Evaluation of impact of engaging federations of women groups to improve women\u2019s nutrition interventions- before, during and after pregnancy in social and economically backward geographies: evidence from three eastern Indian States. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0291866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0291866.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1720_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213723","volume":"14","author":"S Chandrashekar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chandrashekar S, Saha S, Varghese B, Mohan L, Shetty G, Porwal A, et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of health behavior change interventions implemented with self-help groups in Bihar, India. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0213723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0213723.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1720_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003304","volume":"5","author":"S Desai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Desai S, Misra M, Das A, Singh RJ, Sehgal M, Gram L, et al. Community interventions with women\u2019s groups to improve women\u2019s and children\u2019s health in India: a mixed-methods systematic review of effects, enablers and barriers. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5:e003304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003304.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"1720_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1","volume":"387","author":"GC Patton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Santelli JS, Ross DA, Afifi R, Allen NB, et al. Our future: a lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. Lancet. 2016;387:2423\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1720_CR30","unstructured":"UNICEF. Global Evaluation of Life Skills Education Programmes Evaluation. New York; 2012."},{"key":"1720_CR31","unstructured":"UNICEF. Review of the Life Skills Education Program. Maldives; 2016."},{"key":"1720_CR32","unstructured":"UNICEF, UNFPA. Technical note on life skills programmes for empowering adolescent girls: notes for practitioners on what works. 2019."},{"key":"1720_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2014.1000454","volume":"15","author":"J Svanemyr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Svanemyr J, Baig Q, Chandra-Mouli V. Scaling up of life skills based education in Pakistan: a case study. Sex Educ. 2015;15:249\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14681811.2014.1000454.","journal-title":"Sex Educ"},{"key":"1720_CR34","unstructured":"Kalanda BF. Life skills and reproductive health education changes behaviour in students and teachers: evidence from Malawi. Educational Research and Reviews. 2010;5:169\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/Apr\/Kalanda.pdf."},{"key":"1720_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singla DR, Waqas A, Hamdani SU, Suleman N, Zafar SW, Zill-e-Huma, et al. Implementation and effectiveness of adolescent life skills programs in low- and middle-income countries: a critical review and meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2020;130:103402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2019.04.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.04.010"},{"key":"1720_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1982485","volume":"14","author":"N Atif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atif N, Rahman A, Huma Z, Hamdani SU. Preparing for parenthood: developing a life-skills and socioemotional health program for young married couples in rural Pakistan. Glob Health Action. 2021;14:1982485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16549716.2021.1982485.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"1720_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma S, Soni R, Achyut P, Das M, Verma R, Gautam A, et al. Promoting adolescent engagement, knowledge and health (PAnKH) in Rajasthan, India. The IFS; 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1920\/re.ifs.2019.0161.","DOI":"10.1920\/re.ifs.2019.0161"},{"key":"1720_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101334","author":"A Raj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raj A, Ghule M, Johns NE, Battala M, Begum S, Dixit A, et al. Evaluation of a gender synchronized family planning intervention for married couples in rural India: the CHARM2 cluster randomized control trial. eClinicalMedicine. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101334.","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1720_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santhya KG, Haberland N, Das A, Ram F, Sinha RK, Ram U, et al. Empowering married young women and improving their sexual and reproductive health: Effects of the First-time Parents Project. Poverty, Gender, and Youth. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31899\/pgy5.1005.","DOI":"10.31899\/pgy5.1005"},{"key":"1720_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153190","volume":"11","author":"A Raj","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raj A, Ghule M, Ritter J, Battala M, Gajanan V, Nair S, et al. Cluster randomized controlled trial evaluation of a gender equity and family planning intervention for married men and couples in rural India. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0153190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0153190.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1720_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aog.0000826356.93844.ca","volume":"139","author":"A Raj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raj A, Ghule M, Johns N, Battala M, Begum S, Averbach S. CHARM 2: a gender synchronized family planning intervention for couples in rural India, a cluster randomized trial [A05]. Obstet Gynecol. 2022;139:2S-2S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aog.0000826356.93844.ca.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1720_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-17-00440","volume":"6","author":"L Subramanian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Subramanian L, Simon C, Daniel EE. Increasing contraceptive use among young married couples in Bihar, India: evidence from a decade of implementation of the PRACHAR project. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6:330\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9745\/GHSP-D-17-00440.","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"1720_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamond-Smith N, Gopalakrishnan L, Hannah L, Elizabeth K, Cynthia H, Sheri W, et al. A life skills and reproductive health empowerment intervention for newly married women and their families to reduce unintended pregnancy in India: Protocol for the TARANG cluster randomized controlled trial. 2024.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086778"},{"key":"1720_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diamond-Smith N, Vaishnav Y, Choudhary U, Sharma P, Kachhwaha A, Panjalingam T, et al. Individual empowerment and community norm effects of engaging young husbands in reproductive health in rural India: findings from a pilot study. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4376443\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4376443\/v1"},{"key":"1720_CR45","unstructured":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) India 2019\u201321. 2022."},{"key":"1720_CR46","unstructured":"StataCorp,. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. 2017."},{"key":"1720_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.09.002","volume":"66","author":"K Cocks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cocks K, Torgerson DJ. Sample size calculations for pilot randomized trials: a confidence interval approach. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66:197\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.09.002.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1720_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.07.011","volume":"65","author":"J Sim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sim J, Lewis M. The size of a pilot study for a clinical trial should be calculated in relation to considerations of precision and efficiency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65:301\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.07.011.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1720_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232076","volume":"15","author":"G Guest","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guest G, Namey E, Chen M. A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0232076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232076.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1720_CR50","unstructured":"Dedoose Version 9.0.17, web application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data (2021)."},{"key":"1720_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"1720_CR52","unstructured":"Creswell JW, Creswell JD. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications; 2017."},{"key":"1720_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12117","volume":"48","author":"MD Fetters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fetters MD, Curry LA, Creswell JW. Achieving integration in mixed methods designs\u2014principles and practices. Health Serv Res. 2013;48:2134\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.12117.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"1720_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689820912856","volume":"14","author":"MD Fetters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fetters MD, Molina-Azorin JF. Utilizing a mixed methods approach for conducting interventional evaluations. J Mixed Methods Res. 2020;14:131\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1558689820912856.","journal-title":"J Mixed Methods Res"},{"key":"1720_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2014.986169","volume":"10","author":"KG Santhya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santhya KG, Jejeebhoy SJ. Sexual and reproductive health and rights of adolescent girls: evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Glob Public Health. 2015;10:189\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2014.986169.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"1720_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i5239","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5239","volume":"355","author":"SM Eldridge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eldridge SM, Chan CL, Campbell MJ, Bond CM, Hopewell S, Thabane L, et al. CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. BMJ. 2016;355:i5239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i5239.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1720_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013537","volume":"7","author":"KNL Avery","year":"2017","unstructured":"Avery KNL, Williamson PR, Gamble C, Francischetto EO, Metcalfe C, Davidson P, et al. Informing efficient randomised controlled trials: exploration of challenges in developing progression criteria for internal pilot studies. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013537.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1720_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-353","volume":"14","author":"C Bugge","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bugge C, Williams B, Hagen S, Logan J, Glazener C, Pringle S, et al. A process for decision-making after pilot and feasibility trials (ADePT): development following a feasibility study of a complex intervention for pelvic organ prolapse. Trials. 2013;14:353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1745-6215-14-353.","journal-title":"Trials"}],"container-title":["Pilot and Feasibility Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01720-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01720-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01720-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T20:03:45Z","timestamp":1763409825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01720-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40814-025-01720-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4255712\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2055-5784"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5784","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Study protocols were reviewed and approved by institutional review boards at the University of California, San Francisco (IRB number: 22\u201337173), and the India-based Center for Media Studies (IRB00006230). The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06320964). Registered retrospectively on 13 March 2024,\n                      \n                      . The procedures for obtaining verbal audio-recorded informed consent from participants before data collection were approved by both the institutional review boards at the University of California, San Francisco and the India-based Center for Media Studies. Verbal audio-recorded informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to data collection. All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"142"}}