{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:19:00Z","timestamp":1793755140280,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2221-E-027-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2221-E-027-014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2622-E-027-003-CC3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2622-E-027-003-CC3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006705","name":"National Taipei University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National Taipei University of Technology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Taipei University of Technology"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006705","name":"National Taipei University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Joint Research Program (NTUT-CGMH-110-03 (CORPG3L0121))"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Joint Research Program (NTUT-CGMH-110-03 (CORPG3L0121))"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All types of movements involve the role of articular cartilage and bones. The presence of cartilage enables bones to move over one another smoothly. However, repetitive microtrauma and ischemia as well as genetic effects can cause an osteochondral lesion. Numerous treatment methods such as microfracture surgergy, autograft, and allograft, have been used, however, it possesses treatment challenges including prolonged recovery time after surgery and poses a financial burden on patients. Nowadays, various tissue engineering approaches have been developed to repair bone and osteochondral defects using biomaterial implants to induce the regeneration of stem cells.\u00a0<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              In this study, a collagen (Col)\/\u03b3-polyglutamate acid (PGA)\/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite scaffold was fabricated using a 3D printing technique. A Col\/\u03b3-PGA\/HA 2D membrane was also fabricated for comparison. The scaffolds (four layers) were designed with the size of 8\u00a0mm in diameter and 1.2\u00a0mm in thickness. The first layer was HA\/\u03b3-PGA and the second to fourth layers were Col\/\u03b3-PGA. In addition, a 2D membrane was constructed from hydroxyapatite\/\u03b3-PGA and collagen\/\u03b3-PGA with a ratio of 1:3. The biocompatibility property and degradation activity were investigated for both scaffold and membrane samples. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (\n              <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n              BMSCs) and human adipose-derived stem cells (\n              <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>\n              ADSCs) were cultured on the samples and were tested\n              <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              to evaluate cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation.\n              <jats:italic>In-vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              experiments were performed in the rat and nude mice models.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>In-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              results show that the developed scaffold is of well biodegradation and biocompatible properties, and the Col-HA scaffold enhances the mechanical properties for osteochondrogenesis in both\n              <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              and animal trials.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The composite would be a great biomaterial application for bone and osteochondral regeneration.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00265-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T12:02:44Z","timestamp":1653998564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Preparation of gamma poly-glutamic acid\/hydroxyapatite\/collagen composite as the 3D-printing scaffold for bone tissue engineering"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Thu-Trang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chien","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan."},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan."},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajalakshmi","family":"Sakthivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasza Chyntara","family":"Nabilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Wen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiashing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai-Chen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jie","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-3680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren-Jei","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845696610"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2015.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082366"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120378"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8110960"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110937"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41779-017-0042-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74660-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00178"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aa9385"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1100381"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","unstructured":"Habibah TU Salisbury HG. Hydroxyapatite dental material. In: StatPearls. Petersburg: StatPearls Publishing; 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.081448-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(01)00027-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la000820p"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2000.7144"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31058-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10460"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes: history, structure, and phytopharmaceutical applications","volume":"5","author":"Fine AM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fine AM. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes: history, structure, and phytopharmaceutical applications. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(2):144. 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3jt1Wkuw%3D%3D","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183123"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB02244A"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911511398038"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.10.099"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes1040275"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","first-page":"560","article-title":"Laser sintering of nano-hydroxyapatite coated polyamide 12 powders","volume":"22","author":"Hui D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hui D, Goodridge RD, Scotchford C, Grant DM. Laser sintering of nano-hydroxyapatite coated polyamide 12 powders. Addit Manuf. 2018;22:560\u2013570. 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhsVKitrbO","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB00291G"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1054-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.12.022"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Devices: Porous scaffolds for bone regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Abbasi N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbasi N, Hamlet S, Love RM, Nguyen N-T. Devices: Porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng, C. 2020;5(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng, C"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.24"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.200600182"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517741306"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA09432C"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2003.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2011.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S111701"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202006598"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202916109"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","volume-title":"Kelley\u2019s Textbook of Rheumatology, Chapter 102 \u2018\u2018Proliferative Bone Diseases,\u2019\u2019","author":"Gary F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gary F, Budd R, Gabriel S. Kelley\u2019s Textbook of Rheumatology, Chapter 102 \u2018\u2018Proliferative Bone Diseases,\u2019\u2019. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M Monticone RE Lakatta EG. The Aging Arterial Wall. In: Handbook of the Biology of Aging. New York: Elsevier; 2016. p. 359\u2013389.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411596-5.00013-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000220441.42041.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2009.0224"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman RM: In Memoriam: J\u00f8rgen Rygaard (1934\u20132016) Father of Patient-Derived Mouse Models of Cancer and Modern Cancer Research. 2017:1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57424-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_2","volume-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and skeletal regeneration","author":"Giannoudis P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giannoudis P, Jones E, Yang X, McGonagle D. Mesenchymal stem cells and skeletal regeneration. San Diego: Academic Press; 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0112"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.28"}],"container-title":["Biomaterials Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40824-022-00265-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40824-022-00265-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40824-022-00265-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40824-022-00265-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T14:59:54Z","timestamp":1710255594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/10.1186\/s40824-022-00265-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1186\/s40824-022-00265-7"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40824-022-00265-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7124","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Procedures involving animals were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Taipei Medical University and Chang Gung Memorial University. All the experiments were approved by Affiliated Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) under affidavit no. 2019102401.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}