{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:53:35Z","timestamp":1790290415271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contracept Reprod Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is a dearth of research on modern family planning practices in high focus states like West Bengal in India with diverse population groups and distinct health needs. Thus,\u00a0this study aims to investigate the latest picture of modern contraceptive use and its associated socio-demographic factors among currently married non-pregnant of reproductive aged (15\u201349 years) women in West Bengal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study is based on secondary data, collected from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5; 2019-20). A total of 15,841 currently married non-pregnant women were included into this study. With the overarching goal of understanding the determinants and patterns of modern contraceptive use, the study employed a combination of bi-variate and multivariate analyses, including logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results reveal that female sterilization is the most common modern contraceptive method across the state. Contraceptive use varies by district, from 43% in Puruliya to 77.3% in Birbhum. Women aged 30\u201334 were significantly more likely to use contraception (OR\u2009=\u20091.47), while those aged 45\u201349 were less likely to use it (OR\u2009=\u20090.74). Women with mixed gender composition of living children (OR\u2009=\u20091.48) were more likely to use contraception, compared to women with no children (OR\u2009=\u20090.21) or daughters only (OR\u2009=\u20090.80). SC women (OR\u2009=\u20091.63) and Christians (OR\u2009=\u20092.17) showed higher usage. Wealthier women (OR\u2009=\u20091.26) and urban residents also reported higher use. Moreover, son preference continues and women married after 18 are less likely to adopt modern methods. These findings highlight the need to improve reproductive health outcomes and overcome barriers to increasing contraceptive uptake.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Targeted interventions focusing on education, awareness-building, and improving access to diverse contraceptive options are recommended to empower women in making informed reproductive choices and advancing reproductive rights and health equity. Also, effective modern contraceptive services must overcome legal policy, social, cultural and structural barriers to benefit more women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-024-00322-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T09:28:22Z","timestamp":1732872502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modern contraceptive use among currently married non-pregnant women (aged 15\u201349 years) in West Bengal, India: a reflection from NFHS-5"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7753-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanta","family":"Sen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0687-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5057-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namita","family":"Chakma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"322_CR1","unstructured":"Sustainable Development Goals to kick in with start of new year | UN News. news.un.org. 2015. https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2015\/12\/519172#:~:text=The%2017%20SDGs%20build%20on%20the%20eight%20MDGs%2C Accessed 21 Jan 2024."},{"issue":"6","key":"322_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-011-0107-7","volume":"61","author":"R Jain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jain R, Muralidhar S. Contraceptive methods: needs, options and utilization. J Obstet Gynecol India. 2011;61(6):626\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13224-011-0107-7.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol India"},{"key":"322_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blumenberg C, Hellwig F, Ewerling F, Barros AJD. Socio-demographic and economic inequalities in modern contraception in 11 low- and middle-income countries: an analysis of the PMA2020 surveys. Reproductive Health. 2020;17(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-020-00931-w.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-00931-w"},{"key":"322_CR4","unstructured":"United Nations. Population. United Nations. 2023. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/global-issues\/population#:~:text=Our%20growing%20population. Accessed 11Jan 2024."},{"key":"322_CR5","unstructured":"Akmam W. Women\u2019s Education and Fertility Rates in Developing Countries, With Special Reference to Bangladesh. Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics. 2002; https:\/\/repository.globethics.net\/handle\/20.500.12424\/225861"},{"key":"322_CR6","unstructured":"Levine R, Langer A, Birdsall N, Matheny G, Wright M, Bayer A et al. Contraception. 2nd ed. Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, editors. PubMed. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2006. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK11771\/"},{"key":"322_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coomson JI, Manu A. Determinants of modern contraceptive use among postpartum women in two health facilities in urban Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Contracept Reproductive Med. 2019;4(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40834-019-0098-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-019-0098-9"},{"issue":"24","key":"322_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJC.S252970","volume":"11","author":"M Oumer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oumer M, Manaye A, Mengistu Z. Modern Contraceptive Method Utilization and Associated Factors among women of Reproductive Age in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. Open Access J Contracept. 2020;11(24):53\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OAJC.S252970.","journal-title":"Open Access J Contracept"},{"key":"322_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lun CN, Aung T, Mya KS. Utilization of modern contraceptive methods and its determinants among youth in Myanmar: Analysis of Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (2015\u20132016). Rosenbaum JE, editor. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(10):e0258142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258142"},{"key":"322_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Apanga PA, Adam MA. Factors influencing the uptake of family planning services in the Talensi District, Ghana. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;20(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.10.5301.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.10.5301"},{"key":"322_CR11","unstructured":"WHO. A woman dies every two minutes due to pregnancy or childbirth: UN agencies. www.who.int.2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/23-02-2023-a-woman-dies-every-two-minutes-due-to-pregnancy-or-childbirth--un-agencies. Accessed 13 Feb 2024. Accessed 13 Feb 2024."},{"key":"322_CR12","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Fertility and Family Planning 2020: Highllights. 2020. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/publications\/pdf\/family\/World_Fertility_and_Family_Planning_2020_Highlights.pdf"},{"key":"322_CR13","unstructured":"Observer Research Foundation. India\u2019s Family Planning Mission Puts Burden of Sterilisation on Women at the Cost of Their Health. 2022. Available from: Orfonline.org Accessed 2 Feb 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"322_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003026","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003026","volume":"17","author":"V Kantorov\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kantorov\u00e1 V, Wheldon MC, Ueffing P, Dasgupta ANZ. Estimating progress towards meeting women\u2019s contraceptive needs in 185 countries: a bayesian hierarchical modelling study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(2):e1003026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003026.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"322_CR15","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Family Planning 2022: Meeting the changing needs for family planning: Contraceptive use by age and method. 2022. https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/sites\/www.un.org.development.desa.pd\/files\/files\/documents\/2023\/Feb\/undesa_pd_2022_world-family-planning.pdf"},{"key":"322_CR16","unstructured":"World Fertility and Family Planning. 2020. 2020. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/publications\/pdf\/family\/World_Fertility_and_Family_Planning_2020_Highlights.pdf. Accessed 13Feb 2024. Accessed 19 Jan 2024."},{"key":"322_CR17","unstructured":"IIPS and ICF. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019\u201321. India: IIPS. 2022. http:\/\/rchiips.org\/nfhs\/NFHS-5Reports\/India.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/jfamilyplanningrhc-2012-100464","volume":"40","author":"MJ Hindin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hindin MJ, McGough LJ, Adanu RM. Misperceptions, misinformation and myths about modern contraceptive use in Ghana: table 1. J Family Plann Reproductive Health Care. 2013;40(1):30\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jfamilyplanningrhc-2012-100464.","journal-title":"J Family Plann Reproductive Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/09709274.2013.11906581","volume":"42","author":"S Barman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barman S. Socio-economic and Demographic Differentials of Contraceptive Usage in Indian States: a study based on NFHS Data. J Hum Ecol. 2013;42(1):53\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09709274.2013.11906581.","journal-title":"J Hum Ecol"},{"key":"322_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahinkorah BO, Budu E, Aboagye RG, Agbaglo E, Arthur-Holmes F, Adu C, et al. Factors associated with modern contraceptive use among women with no fertility intention in sub-saharan Africa: evidence from cross-sectional surveys of 29 countries. Contracept Reproductive Med. 2021;6(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40834-021-00165-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-021-00165-6"},{"key":"322_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh I, Shukla A, Thulaseedharan JV, Singh G. Contraception for married adolescents (15\u201319 years) in India: insights from the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4). Reproductive Health. 2021;18(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-021-01310-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01310-9"},{"key":"322_CR22","unstructured":"Ram F, Sinha R, Mohanty SK, Das A, Lakhani A, Haberland N, Santhya KG. Marriage and motherhood: An exploratory study of the social and reproductive health status of married young women in Gujarat and West Bengal [Internet]. Population Council; 2006. http:\/\/knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org\/departments_sbsr-pgy\/1291\/"},{"key":"322_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dutta A, Ghosh S. Impact of integrated child development scheme on child malnutrition in West Bengal, India. Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2016;13(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.12385","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12385"},{"key":"322_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Das P, Roy R, Das T, Roy TB. Prevalence and change detection of child growth failure phenomena among under-5 children: A comparative scrutiny from NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 in West Bengal, India. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2021;12:100857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100857"},{"key":"322_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali A, Sen S, Banerjee A, Saha S, Chakma N. Prevalence and changing pattern of undernutrition among women in West Bengal: A comparative study between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. In: Population, Sanitation and Health. Springer; 2023. pp. 203\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-40128-2_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40128-2_14"},{"issue":"8","key":"322_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20173496","volume":"6","author":"J Pal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pal J, Ahmad S, Siva A. Contraception-still miles to go: a study among married women in a rural area of West Bengal. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017;6(8):3618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20173496.","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/0972558x21994682","volume":"21","author":"D Routh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Routh D, Maji S. Understanding the fertility behavior of Bengali-speaking Hindu and Hindi-speaking Hindu populations occupying similar Urban Locale of Kolkata, West Bengal: a snapshot regarding Family Planning decision-making process. Orient Anthropologist: Bi-annual Int J Sci Man. 2021;21(1):67\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0972558x21994682.","journal-title":"Orient Anthropologist: Bi-annual Int J Sci Man"},{"issue":"2","key":"322_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_115_21","volume":"65","author":"A Mukherjee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mukherjee A, Banerjee N, Naskar S, Roy S, Das D, Mandal S. Contraceptive behavior and unmet need among the tribal married women aged 15\u201349 years: a cross-sectional study in a community development block of paschimBardhaman District, West Bengal. Indian J Public Health. 2021;65(2):159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_115_21.","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"322_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2465_20","volume":"10","author":"A Bairagya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bairagya A, Basu G, Mondal R, Roy S. Prevalence and reasons behind use of injectable contraceptive among the women of reproductive age group: a cross-sectional survey in rural areas of Nadia District, West Bengal. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021;10(7):2566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2465_20.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR30","first-page":"5","volume":"2","author":"S Chaudhuri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaudhuri S, Yadav A, Paul KK. Assessment of Unmet need for Family Planning among Married women of Reproductive Age Group in A Medical College of West Bengal: a cross-sectional study. J West Bengal Univ Health Sci. 2021;2(1):5\u201314.","journal-title":"J West Bengal Univ Health Sci"},{"key":"322_CR31","unstructured":"Basu S. High Prevalence of Traditional Contraceptive Methods and Low Fertility: Factors Affecting Choice of Traditional Methods in Urban West Bengal, India. https:\/\/paa2011.populationassociation.org\/papers\/112588"},{"key":"322_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takyi A, Sato M, Adjabeng M, Smith C. Factors that influence modern contraceptive use among women aged 35 to 49 years and their male partners in Gomoa West District, Ghana: a qualitative study. Tropical Medicine and Health. 2023;51(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-023-00531-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00531-x"},{"key":"322_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vu LTH, Oh J, Bui QT, Le AT. Use of modern contraceptives among married women in Vietnam: a multilevel analysis using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011) and the Vietnam Population and Housing Census (2009). Global Health Action. 2016;9(1):29574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/gha.v9.29574","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v9.29574"},{"issue":"2","key":"322_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00382.x","volume":"45","author":"G Sedgh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sedgh G, Hussain R. Reasons for contraceptive nonuse among women having Unmet need for Contraception in developing countries. Stud Fam Plann. 2014;45(2):151\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00382.x.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxq012","volume":"32","author":"AO Tsui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsui AO, McDonald-Mosley R, Burke AE. Family Planning and the Burden of Unintended pregnancies. Epidemiol Rev. 2010;32(1):152\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/epirev\/mxq012.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"322_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Negash WD, Eshetu HB, Asmamaw DB. Intention to use contraceptives and its correlates among reproductive age women in selected high fertility Sub-Saharan Africa countries: a multilevel mixed effects analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15187-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15187-9"},{"key":"322_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Negash BT, Chekol AT, Wale MA. Modern contraceptive method utilization and determinant factors among women in Ethiopia: Multinomial logistic regression mini- EDHS-2019 analysis. Contracept Reproductive Med. 2023;8(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40834-023-00235-x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-023-00235-x"},{"issue":"9","key":"322_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e041103","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.10.5301","volume":"10","author":"PA Apanga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Apanga PA, Kumbeni MT, Ayamga EA, Ulanja MB, Akparibo R. Prevalence and factors associated with modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in 20 African countries: a large population-based study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e041103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.10.5301.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"322_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arnold F, Choe MK, Roy T. Son preference, the family-building process and child mortality in India. Population Studies. 1998;52(3):301\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0032472031000150486","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472031000150486"},{"key":"322_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100835","volume":"15","author":"AK Dey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dey AK, Acharya R, Tomar S, Silverman JG, Raj A. How does the sex composition of children affect men\u2019s higher ideal family size preference relative to women and contraceptive use patterns among couples? A cross-sectional analysis of dyadic couple\u2019s data in India. SSM - Popul Health. 2021;15:100835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100835.","journal-title":"SSM - Popul Health"},{"key":"322_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rajan S, Nanda P, Calhoun LM, Speizer IS. Sex composition and its impact on future childbearing: a longitudinal study from urban Uttar Pradesh. Reproductive Health. 2018;15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-018-0482-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0482-y"},{"key":"322_CR42","unstructured":"Ghosh S. Exploring post-sterilization regret in an underdeveloped region of rural West Bengal Institute of Development Studies Kolkata Exploring post-sterilization regret in an underdeveloped region of rural West Bengal. 2014. https:\/\/idsk.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/OP-44.pdf"},{"key":"322_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yadav AK, Anand A, Singh RA, Jungari S. Sex composition and son preference in India and major states: evidence from the National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16). Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2020;8(4):1140\u20131146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.04.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.04.005"},{"key":"322_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark S. Son preference and sex composition of children: evidence from India. Demography. 2000;37(1):95\u2013108. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2648099","DOI":"10.2307\/2648099"},{"issue":"3","key":"322_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/17441730.2015.1093749","volume":"11","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Begum S. Influence of Son Preference on Contraceptive Method Mix: some evidences from Two Bengals. Asian Popul Stud. 2015;11(3):296\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441730.2015.1093749.","journal-title":"Asian Popul Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"322_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0363199015572753","volume":"40","author":"I Haque","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haque I, Patel PP. Socioeconomic and cultural differentials of contraceptive usage in West Bengal. J Fam Hist. 2015;40(2):230\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363199015572753.","journal-title":"J Fam Hist"},{"key":"322_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raj A, Saggurti N, Balaiah D, Silverman JG. Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study. The Lancet. 2009;373(9678):1883\u20131889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)60246-4","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)60246-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"322_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.01.021","volume":"52","author":"D Godha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Godha D, Hotchkiss DR, Gage AJ. Association between Child Marriage and Reproductive Health Outcomes and Service utilization: a Multi-country Study from South Asia. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52(5):552\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.01.021.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"322_CR49","unstructured":"Mona SS. India\u2019s Family Planning Mission Puts Burden of Sterilisation on Women at the Cost of Their Health. orfonline.org. 2022. https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/research\/burden-of-sterilisation-on-women-at-the-cost-of-their-health Accessed 10 Feb 2024."},{"key":"322_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01857-0","volume":"22","author":"A Bansal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bansal A, Dwivedi LK, Ali B. The trends of female sterilization in India: an age period cohort analysis approach. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2022;22:272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs12905-022-01857-0.","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"322_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panda SN, Barik M, Acharya AS, Srikanta Kanungo, Pati S. Spatial distribution and factors influencing modern contraceptive practice among tribal married women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey 5 (2019\u20132021). BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2023;23(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02454-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02454-5"},{"key":"322_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agrawal R, Mishra M, Rehman T, Gayathri Surendran, Sinha A, Srikanta, Kanungo et al. Utilization of modern temporary contraceptive methods and its predictors among reproductive-aged women in India: insights from NFHS-5 (2019\u201321). Frontiers in global women\u2019s health. 2023;4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1219003","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1219003"},{"issue":"15","key":"322_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2147\/oajc.s350117","volume":"13","author":"M Tsegaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsegaw M, Mulat B, Shitu K. Modern contraceptive utilization and Associated factors among Married women in Liberia: evidence from the 2019 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey. Open Access J Contracept. 2022;13(15):17\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/oajc.s350117.","journal-title":"Open Access J Contracept"},{"key":"322_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caldwell JC, Reddy PH, Caldwell P. The causes of demographic change in rural South India: a micro approach. Population and Development Review. 1982;8(4):689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1972469","DOI":"10.2307\/1972469"},{"key":"322_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thakuri DS, Singh KC, Karkee Y, Khatri R. RB. Knowledge and practices of modern contraceptives among religious minority (Muslim) women: A cross-sectional study from Southern Nepal. Cheong AT, editor. PLOS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0278899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278899"},{"issue":"4","key":"322_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5906.00156","volume":"41","author":"S Iyer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Iyer S. Religion and the decision to Use Contraception in India. J Sci Study Relig. 2002;41(4):711\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-5906.00156.","journal-title":"J Sci Study Relig"},{"key":"322_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyer S. Religion and the decision to use contraception in India. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2002;41(4):711\u2013722. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1387485","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5906.00156"},{"key":"322_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma H, Singh SK. Socioeconomic inequalities in contraceptive use among female adolescents in South Asian countries: a decomposition analysis. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2022;22(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01736-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01736-8"},{"issue":"05","key":"322_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.4236\/jss.2020.85031","volume":"08","author":"LM Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh LM, Prinja S, Rai P, Siddhanta A, Singh AK, Sharma A, et al. Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use and Unmet need for Family Planning among the Urban Poor. Open J Social Sci. 2020;08(05):451\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jss.2020.85031.","journal-title":"Open J Social Sci"},{"key":"322_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stephenson R, Baschieri A, Clements S, Hennink M, Madise N. Contextual influences on modern contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of Public Health. 2007;97(7):1233\u20131240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2005.071522","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2005.071522"},{"issue":"9748","key":"322_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60809-4","volume":"376","author":"MA Wakefield","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wakefield MA, Loken B, Hornik RC. Use of Mass Media campaigns to change Health Behaviour. Lancet. 2020;376(9748):1261\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60809-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"322_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panda SN, Barik M, Acharya AS, Kanungo S, Pati S. Spatial distribution and factors influencing modern contraceptive practice among tribal married women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey 5 (2019\u20132021). BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2023;23(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02454-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02454-5"},{"key":"322_CR63","unstructured":"Prusty RK. Use of contraceptives and unmet need for family planning among tribal women in India and selected hilly states. PubMed. 2014. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25076671"},{"key":"322_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rani M, Lule E. Exploring the socioeconomic dimension of adolescent reproductive health: a multicountry analysis. International Family Planning Perspectives. 2004;30(3):110\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1363\/3011004","DOI":"10.1363\/3011004"},{"key":"322_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaurasia AR. Contraceptive Use in India: A Data Mining Approach. International Journal of Population Research. 2014; 2014:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/821436","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/821436"},{"key":"322_CR66","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Annual Report-Family Planning 2020-21. https:\/\/nhm.gov.in\/New_Updates_2018\/NHM_Components\/RMNCH_MH_Guidelines\/family_planning\/IEC_Material\/Annual_report\/Annual_report_20-21.pdf"},{"key":"322_CR67","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Family Planning Annual Report 2017-18. https:\/\/main.mohfw.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/06Chapter.pdf"},{"key":"322_CR68","unstructured":"What\u2019s the family plan? The Hindu. 2016. https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/population-control-whats-the-family-plan\/article8483758.eceAccessed 13 Feb 2024."},{"key":"322_CR69","unstructured":"PMSMA. 2016. https:\/\/www.humdo.nhp.gov.in. Accessed 13 Feb 2024."}],"container-title":["Contraception and Reproductive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40834-024-00322-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40834-024-00322-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40834-024-00322-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T10:04:14Z","timestamp":1732874654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/contraceptionmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40834-024-00322-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40834-024-00322-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not need ethics approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"63"}}