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No: PM23\/401\/23\/01\/2024). In addition, prior permission and support letters were obtained from all participating institutions, including the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia\u2019s Refugees and Returnees Service (RRS), Gambella Region RRS (Gambella branch office), and the Somali Region RRS (Jigjiga branch office). Verbal informed consent was sought before any data were collected. The majority of study participants were using contraceptive methods without the knowledge of their male partners and mothers-in-law. Asking for written informed consent could cause discomfort for the study participants. Moreover, the SPHMMC IRB typically requires verbal informed consent for all research other than clinical trials involving invasive procedures. Thus, before enrolment, verbal informed consent was obtained by discussing with potential participants about the study objectives, procedures involved, study requirements, potential benefits and risks of participation, privacy, and data confidentiality using the local language (to ensure participants\u2019 full understanding). All study participants were informed that they could cancel their consent at any time without any harm. 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