{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:37:21Z","timestamp":1790797041583,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":43,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contracept Reprod Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-026-00446-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:35:15Z","timestamp":1775471715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trends and determinants of modern contraceptive use among sexually active adolescent females in Bangladesh: Evidence of four national surveys (2011\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Md. Aslam","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Yeasin","family":"Arafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bristi Rani","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Mothashin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Sayed Md","family":". Al Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Golam","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hubacher D, Trussell J. A definition of modern contraceptive methods. Contraception. 2015;92(5):420-1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.08.008. Epub 2015 Aug 11. PMID: 26276245.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.08.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e380","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30029-9","volume":"6","author":"J Bearak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Alkema L, Sedgh G. Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(4):e380\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30029-9. Epub 2018 Mar 5. PMID: 29519649; PMCID: PMC6055480.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1152","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30315-6","volume":"8","author":"J Bearak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Moller AB, Tun\u00e7alp \u00d6, Beavin C, Kwok L, Alkema L. Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990\u20132019. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(9):e1152\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30315-6. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID: 32710833.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cleland J, Conde-Agudelo A, Peterson H, Ross J, Tsui A. Contraception and health. Lancet. 2012;380(9837):149\u2009\u2013\u200956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60609-6. Epub 2012 Jul 10. PMID: 22784533.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60609-6"},{"key":"446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1363\/46e8820","volume":"46","author":"MN Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan MN, Harris M, Loxton D. Modern Contraceptive Use Following an Unplanned Birth in Bangladesh: An Analysis of National Survey Data. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2020;46:77\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1363\/46e8820. PMID: 32401729.","journal-title":"Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5331-y","volume":"18","author":"M Mutumba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mutumba M, Wekesa E, Stephenson R. Community influences on modern contraceptive use among young women in low and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional multi-country analysis. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5331-y. PMID: 29609567; PMCID: PMC5879615.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"446_CR7","volume-title":"Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2022: Key Indicators Report. Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Rockville","author":"National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) and ICF","year":"2023","unstructured":"National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) and ICF. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2022: Key Indicators Report. Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Rockville. Maryland, USA: NIPORT and ICF; 2023."},{"issue":"12","key":"446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew266","volume":"31","author":"J Goossens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goossens J, Van Den Branden Y, Van der Sluys L, Delbaere I, Van Hecke A, Verhaeghe S, Beeckman D. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy ending in birth, associated factors, and health outcomes. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(12):2821\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dew266. Epub 2016 Oct 24. PMID: 27798048.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"5","key":"446_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-019-01238-9","volume":"64","author":"MN Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan MN, Harris ML, Shifti DM, Laar AS, Loxton D. Effects of unintended pregnancy on maternal healthcare services utilization in low- and lower-middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health. 2019;64(5):743\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-019-01238-9. Epub 2019 Apr 30. PMID: 31041453.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"9837","key":"446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60478-4","volume":"380","author":"S Ahmed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO. Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries. Lancet. 2012;380(9837):111\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60478-4. Epub 2012 Jul 10. PMID: 22784531.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0333-2","volume":"14","author":"FA Huda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huda FA, Robertson Y, Chowdhuri S, Sarker BK, Reichenbach L, Somrongthong R. Contraceptive practices among married women of reproductive age in Bangladesh: a review of the evidence. Reprod Health. 2017;14(1):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-017-0333-2. PMID: 28587619; PMCID: PMC5461624.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-022-01545-0","volume":"19","author":"C Kalinda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalinda C, Phiri M, Chimpinde K, Ishimwe MCS, Simona SJ. Trends and socio-demographic components of modern contraceptive use among sexually active women in Rwanda: a multivariate decomposition analysis. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01545-0. PMID: 36527042; PMCID: PMC9758849.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5098-1","volume":"18","author":"MB Hossain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hossain MB, Khan MHR, Ababneh F, Shaw JEH. Identifying factors influencing contraceptive use in Bangladesh: evidence from BDHS 2014 data. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5098-1. PMID: 29378546; PMCID: PMC5789662.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"446_CR14","unstructured":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). (2023). Population and Housing Census 2022, National Report (Volume I). Dhaka: Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh. Available at https:\/\/sid.portal.gov.bd\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/sid.portal.gov.bd\/publications\/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3\/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14857-4","volume":"22","author":"S Kundu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kundu S, Kundu S, Rahman MA, Kabir H, Al Banna MH, Basu S, Reza HM, Hossain A. Prevalence and determinants of contraceptive method use among Bangladeshi women of reproductive age: a multilevel multinomial analysis. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):2357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-14857-4. PMID: 36526989; PMCID: PMC9756620.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"446_CR16","unstructured":"Programme UND. SDG 3 ensure healthy lives and promote well- being for all at, Undp support to implement sustain dev goal 3. [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/undp\/en\/home\/librarypage\/sustainable%20development%20goals\/%20undp-supportto-the-implementation-of-the-2030-agenda"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200405","volume":"2","author":"IM Rosenstock","year":"1974","unstructured":"Rosenstock IM. The Health Belief Model and Preventive Health Behavior. Health Educ Monogr. 1974;2(4):354\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/109019817400200405.","journal-title":"Health Educ Monogr"},{"key":"446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carpenter CJ. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Commun. 2010;25(8):661-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10410236.2010.521906. PMID: 21153982.","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2010.521906"},{"issue":"6","key":"446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2017.1409889","volume":"22","author":"J Jacobs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jacobs J, Marino M, Edelman A, Jensen J, Darney B. Mass media exposure and modern contraceptive use among married West African adolescents. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2017;22(6):439\u201349. Epub 2017 Dec 18. PMID: 29250972.","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"446_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam MN, Islam MM, Tarafder MQ. Determinants of Contraception Use among Female Adolescents in Bangladesh. Asian Soc Sci [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2026 Feb 13];8(12):181\u2013189. Available at https:\/\/ccsenet.org\/journal\/index.php\/ass\/article\/view\/20776 ccsenet.org","DOI":"10.5539\/ass.v8n12p181"},{"issue":"7","key":"446_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71033","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71033","volume":"8","author":"FN Mim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mim FN, Ali MH, Rahman S, Koasha FA, Islam MR, Yasmin S. Determinants of Modern Contraception Use Among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Health Sci Rep. 2025;8(7):e71033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.71033. PMID: 40657295; PMCID: PMC12247104.","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-025-00383-2","volume":"10","author":"MB Alam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alam MB, Khanam SJ, Kabir MA, Hassen TA, Khan MN. Association between women\u2019s empowerment and use of modern contraception methods in Bangladesh: evidence from Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2022. Contracept Reprod Med. 2025;10(1):41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40834-025-00383-2. PMID: 40682157; PMCID: PMC12273422.","journal-title":"Contracept Reprod Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2020.1885","volume":"9","author":"AD Laksono","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laksono AD, Wulandari RD, Matahari R. The association between recent sexual activity and the use of modern contraceptive methods among married\/cohabiting women in Indonesia. J Public Health Res. 2020;9(4):1885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2020.1885. PMID: 33282793; PMCID: PMC7706358.","journal-title":"J Public Health Res"},{"key":"446_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO\/RHR), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health\/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), Knowledge for Health Project. Family planning: A global handbook for providers: 2018 update. Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO. 2018. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9780999203705"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01956-y","volume":"22","author":"J Kawuki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kawuki J, Gatasi G, Sserwanja Q, Mukunya D, Musaba MW. Utilisation of modern contraceptives by sexually active adolescent girls in Rwanda: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(1):369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01956-y. PMID: 36068524; PMCID: PMC9447358.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"446_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01161-4","volume":"18","author":"AK Olika","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olika AK, Kitila SB, Terfa YB, et al. Contraceptive use among sexually active female adolescents in Ethiopia: trends and determinants from national demographic and health surveys. Reprod Health. 2021;18:104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-021-01161-4.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16124-6","volume":"23","author":"EA Fentie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fentie EA, Kidie AA, Fetene SM, Shewarega ES. Socioeconomic inequality in early sexual initiation among female youths in sub-Saharan African countries: a decomposition analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16124-6. PMID: 37403045; PMCID: PMC10318705.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"446_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Larsen K, Merlo J. Appropriate assessment of neighborhood effects on individual health: integrating random and fixed effects in multilevel logistic regression. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(1):81\u2009\u2013\u20098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwi017. PMID: 15615918.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi017"},{"key":"446_CR29","unstructured":"Kollodge R. My body is my own: Claiming the right to autonomy and self-determination. New York: United Nations Population Fund; 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/publications\/my-body-my-own"},{"key":"446_CR30","unstructured":"Sedgh G, Ashford LS, Hussain R. Unmet need for contraception in developing countries: examining women\u2019s reasons for not using a method. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2016. Available at https:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/report\/unmet-need-for-contraception-in-developing-countries"},{"key":"446_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fleischman DS, Navarrete CD, Fessler DM. Oral contraceptives suppress ovarian hormone production. Psychol Sci. 2010;21(5):750-2; author reply 753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797610368062 Epub 2010 Apr 22. PMID: 20483856.","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610368062"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.12.014","volume":"39","author":"JL Woods","year":"2006","unstructured":"Woods JL, Shew ML, Tu W, Ofner S, Ott MA, Fortenberry JD. Patterns of oral contraceptive pill-taking and condom use among adolescent contraceptive pill users. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39(3):381\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.12.014. Epub 2006 Jul 10. PMID: 16919800; PMCID: PMC2575659.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"446_CR33","unstructured":"Ali MM, Cleland J, Shah IH. Causes and consequences of contraceptive discontinuation: evidence from 60 Demographic and Health Surveys. Calverton (MD): ICF International; 2012. (DHS Analytical Studies No. 30). Available from: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/publications\/publication-as30-analytical-studies.cfm"},{"key":"446_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chandra-Mouli V, Camacho AV, Michaud PA. WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries. J Adolesc Health. 2013; 52(5):517\u2009\u2013\u200922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002. PMID: 23608717.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002"},{"key":"446_CR35","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Family planning\/contraception methods. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2018. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/family-planning-contraception"},{"key":"446_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100554","volume":"10","author":"F Appiah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Appiah F, Seidu AA, Ahinkorah BO, Baatiema L, Ameyaw EK. Trends and determinants of contraceptive use among female adolescents in Ghana: Analysis of 2003\u20132014 Demographic and Health Surveys. SSM Popul Health. 2020;10:100554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100554. PMID: 32140540; PMCID: PMC7047172.","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230143","volume":"15","author":"MK Islam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Islam MK, Haque MR, Hema PS. Regional variations of contraceptive use in Bangladesh: A disaggregate analysis by place of residence. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(3):e0230143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0230143. PMID: 32210443; PMCID: PMC7094853.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"446_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-017-0049-x","volume":"3","author":"GMA Kibria","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kibria GMA, Burrowes V, Majumder S, Sharmeen A, Barsha RAA, Hossen S. Scaling up contraceptives use in the division with lowest contraceptives use in Bangladesh: sources, methods, and determinants. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2017;3:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40748-017-0049-x. PMID: 28593052; PMCID: PMC5460495.","journal-title":"Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0514-7","volume":"15","author":"K Machiyama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Machiyama K, Huda FA, Ahmmed F, Odwe G, Obare F, Mumah JN, Wamukoya M, Casterline JB, Cleland J. Women\u2019s attitudes and beliefs towards specific contraceptive methods in Bangladesh and Kenya. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-018-0514-7. PMID: 29739429; PMCID: PMC5941610.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"446_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-00767-4","volume":"22","author":"G Naik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Naik G, Patra D, Behera J. Changes and determinants of modern contraceptive use among adolescent married girls in India. Discov Public Health. 2025;22:370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12982-025-00767-4.","journal-title":"Discov Public Health"},{"key":"446_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.55204.1","volume":"10","author":"S Meherali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meherali S, Ali A, Khaliq A, Lassi ZS. Prevalence and determinants of contraception use in Pakistan: trend analysis from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS) dataset from 1990 to 2018. F1000Res. 2021;10:790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.55204.1. PMID: 34527219; PMCID: PMC8411274.","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.36609\/bjpa.v17i1.217","volume":"17","author":"SMM Kamal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamal SMM, Islam MA. Ali. Determinants of Contraceptive Practice Among the Tribal Women in Rangamati Hill District: A Multivariate Analysis. Bangladesh J Public Adm. 2021;17(1):93\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36609\/bjpa.v17i1.217.","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Public Adm"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3329\/jafmc.v15i2.50825","volume":"15","author":"F Zafreen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zafreen F, Wahab MA, Razzak MA, Rahman MH. Pattern of Contraceptive Used by Tribal Couples of Chattogram Hill Tract. JAFMC Bangladesh. 2019;15(2):158\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/jafmc.v15i2.50825.","journal-title":"JAFMC Bangladesh"},{"key":"446_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-018-0065-x","volume":"3","author":"C Mandiwa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mandiwa C, Namondwe B, Makwinja A, Zamawe C. Factors associated with contraceptive use among young women in Malawi: analysis of the 2015-16 Malawi demographic and health survey data. Contracept Reprod Med. 2018;3:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40834-018-0065-x. PMID: 30250748; PMCID: PMC6146597.","journal-title":"Contracept Reprod Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"446_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e041103","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041103","volume":"10","author":"PA Apanga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Apanga PA, Kumbeni MT, Ayamga EA, Ulanja MB, Akparibo R. Prevalence and factors associated with modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in 20 African countries: a large population-based study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e041103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041103. PMID: 32978208; PMCID: PMC7520862.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"446_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.27940.18564","author":"AT Hamza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hamza AT. Urbanization in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Analysis of Trends, Determinants, and Challenges. Bangladesh Insight Spectr. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.27940.18564.","journal-title":"Bangladesh Insight Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3897\/popecon.8.e106872","volume":"8","author":"Y Jamali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jamali Y, Jean Simon D. Modern contraception in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. Popul Econ. 2024;8(1):77\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/popecon.8.e106872.","journal-title":"Popul Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12167","volume":"52","author":"S Bashir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bashir S, Guzzo K. Women\u2019s Education, Spousal Agreement on Future Fertility Intentions, and Contraceptive Use in Pakistan. Stud Fam Plann. 2021;52(3):281\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sifp.12167. Epub 2021 Jul 15. PMID: 34265092.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"446_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panda SN, Barik M, Acharya AS, Kanungo S, Pati S. Spatial distribution and factors influencing modern contraceptive practice among tribal married women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey 5 (2019\u20132021). BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02454-5. PMID: 37340372; PMCID: PMC10281003.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02454-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1108\/FREP-05-2021-0032","volume":"1","author":"TT Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen TT, Neal S. Contraceptive prevalence and factors influencing utilization among women in Pakistan: a focus on gender-based violence. Fulbr Rev Econ Policy. 2021;1(1):119\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/FREP-05-2021-0032.","journal-title":"Fulbr Rev Econ Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3126\/tuj.v32i2.24704","volume":"32","author":"KD Amichhane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amichhane KD. Use of contraceptive methods among young married women in Nepal. Tribhuvan Univ J. 2018;32(2):75\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/tuj.v32i2.24704.","journal-title":"Tribhuvan Univ J"},{"key":"446_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Turner RJ. Diffusion of innovations, Everett, Rogers M, Free Press, York N. NY (2003), 551 pages. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(7):1406\u20131407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.054"},{"key":"446_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almalik M, Mosleh S, Almasarweh I. Are users of modern and traditional contraceptive methods in Jordan different? East Mediterr Health J. 2018;24(4):377\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/2018.24.4.377. PMID: 29972232.","DOI":"10.26719\/2018.24.4.377"},{"key":"446_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-64","volume":"11","author":"E Ngome","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ngome E, Odimegwu C. The social context of adolescent women\u2019s use of modern contraceptives in Zimbabwe: a multilevel analysis. Reprod Health. 2014;11:64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-4755-11-64. PMID: 25108444; PMCID: PMC4134336.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e043890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043890","volume":"11","author":"FB Oppong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oppong FB, Logo DD, Agbedra SY, Adomah AA, Amenyaglo S, Arhin-Wiredu K, Afari-Asiedu S, Ae-Ngibise KA. Determinants of contraceptive use among sexually active unmarried adolescent girls and young women aged 15\u201324 years in Ghana: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(2):e043890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043890. PMID: 33550261; PMCID: PMC7925931.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"446_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.04.007","volume":"62","author":"J Cleland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cleland J. The complex relationship between contraception and abortion. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;62:90\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.04.007. Epub 2019 May 6. PMID: 31196674.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","volume":"50","author":"I Ajzen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50(2):179\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T. Available at.","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x","volume":"45","author":"G Sedgh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sedgh G, Singh S, Hussain R. Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends. Stud Fam Plann. 2014;45(3):301\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x. PMID: 25207494; PMCID: PMC4727534.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01161-4","volume":"18","author":"AK Olika","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olika AK, Kitila SB, Terfa YB, Olika AK. Contraceptive use among sexually active female adolescents in Ethiopia: trends and determinants from national demographic and health surveys. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-021-01161-4. PMID: 34034741; PMCID: PMC8146240.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"446_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chima V, Alawode OA. Modern contraceptive use among female adolescents in rural Nigeria: Does exposure to family planning messages matter? A cross-sectional study. Gates Open Res. 2019;3:627. Available at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.12904.2","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.12904.2"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0844-0","volume":"16","author":"N Dehingia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dehingia N, Dixit A, Averbach S, Choudhry V, Dey A, Chandurkar D, Nanda P, Silverman JG, Raj A. Family planning counseling and its associations with modern contraceptive use, initiation, and continuation in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-019-0844-0. PMID: 31831034; PMCID: PMC6909586.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-023-01688-8","volume":"20","author":"A Wollum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wollum A, Bornstein M, Mopiwa G, Norris A, Gipson JD. Assessing the relationship between reproductive autonomy and contraceptive use in rural Malawi. Reprod Health. 2023;20(1):142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-023-01688-8. PMID: 37736687; PMCID: PMC10515069.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"446_CR63","unstructured":"Women UN. UNICEF. International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach. Paris: UNESCO Publishing; 2018. Available at https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000260770"},{"key":"446_CR64","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. National adolescent health strategy, Bangladesh (2017\u20132030). Dhaka: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 2017. Available at https:\/\/www.mohfw.gov.bd\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=225&Itemid=230"}],"container-title":["Contraception and Reproductive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40834-026-00446-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40834-026-00446-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40834-026-00446-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:18:24Z","timestamp":1779207504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40834-026-00446-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40834-026-00446-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present study was based on secondary analysis of publicly available data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Ethical approval for the original data collection was obtained by the DHS Program; therefore, no additional ethical approval was required for this study. As the authors did not directly engage with human participants, adherence to specific ethical guidelines, such as the Declaration of Helsinki, is not applicable to this secondary data analysis. The Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) obtained written informed consent from all participants prior to data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"34"}}