{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:38:38Z","timestamp":1790192318924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder. Over the past decade, the potential role of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) in the pathogenesis and progression of T2DM has garnered scientific interest. These hormones, while interrelated, exert differential effects on glucose homeostasis; GH elevates blood glucose levels, whereas IGF-1 sustains insulin secretion and augments insulin sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to investigate the impact of insulin resistance and glycaemic control on IGF-1 levels and to assess other risk factors influencing IGF-1 in T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Diabetes Centre, Baghdad, Iraq, from May 2020 to May 2021. Sixty patients with T2DM were evaluated for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), GH, IGF-1, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and anthropometric measures following a comprehensive history and physical examination, focusing on any variables that could influence their metabolic profile. Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, pituitary disease, chronic kidney disease, hepatic disease, and pregnancy were excluded from the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c\u2009&gt;\u20098) exhibited significantly elevated IGF-1 levels compared to those with HbA1c\u2009&lt;\u20098 (166 vs. 134,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016). The mean IGF-1 was significantly lower in patients with insulin resistance (IR) compared to those without IR (143 vs. 192,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), with a significant negative correlation with Body Mass Index (BMI) and a significant positive correlation with HbA1c and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Index (QUICKI). Elevated IGF-1 levels were observed with increasing age, duration of T2DM, higher HbA1c, higher QUICKI, and lower BMI. No significant difference was found in IGF-1 values with regards to HOMA-B, fasting insulin, and waist-hip ratio.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with poorly controlled T2DM exhibit higher IGF-1 levels, while those with obesity and high insulin resistance demonstrate lower IGF-1 levels. Further prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the potential of using IGF-1 to reduce insulin resistance and improve metabolic and glycaemic measures in individuals with T2DM and obesity or insulin resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-024-00202-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T18:01:57Z","timestamp":1732298517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The impact of insulin resistance and glycaemic control on insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hasanain MohammedHuthaifa","family":"AbdlWhab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5804-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araz","family":"Al-Saffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama Abbas","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafid Badri","family":"Alameri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"202_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","volume":"138","author":"N Cho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cho N, Shaw J, Karuranga S, Huang Y, da Rocha Fernandes J, Ohlrogge A, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271\u201381.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"202_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2012.04.017","volume":"41","author":"DR Clemmons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clemmons DR. Metabolic actions of insulin-like growth factor-I in normal physiology and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2012;41(2):425\u201343. vii-viii.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"202_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0762-z","volume":"14","author":"G Aguirre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aguirre G, De Ita JR, De La Garza R, Castilla-Cortazar I. Insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency and metabolic syndrome. J Translational Med. 2016;14(1):1\u201323.","journal-title":"J Translational Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"202_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161111666131218152807","volume":"12","author":"D Di Bona","year":"2014","unstructured":"Di Bona D, Accardi G, Virruso C, Candore G, Caruso C. Association between genetic variations in the insulin\/insulin-like growth factor (Igf-1) signaling pathway and longevity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2014;12(5):674\u201381.","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"202_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)40889-1","volume":"253","author":"E Rinderknecht","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE. The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin. J Biol Chem. 1978;253(8):2769\u201376.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"20","key":"202_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6364","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-4879","volume":"14","author":"MM Chitnis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chitnis MM, Yuen JS, Protheroe AS, Pollak M, Macaulay VM. The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor pathway. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(20):6364\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"11\/12","key":"202_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978685","volume":"32","author":"M Wabitsch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wabitsch M, Heinze E, Debatin K-M, Blum W. IGF-I-and IGFBP-3-expression in cultured human preadipocytes and adipocytes. Horm Metab Res. 2000;32(11\/12):555\u20139.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"202_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2016.00159","volume":"6","author":"H Werner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Werner H, Sarfstein R, LeRoith D, Bruchim I. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling Axis meets p53 genome Protection pathways. Front Oncol. 2016;6:159.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"202_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32835004c6","volume":"28","author":"SF Bortvedt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bortvedt SF, Lund PK. Insulin-like growth factor 1: common mediator of multiple enterotrophic hormones and growth factors. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2012;28(2):89.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"202_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2017.22.3.145","volume":"22","author":"S-H Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim S-H, Park M-J. Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in human. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2017;22(3):145\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"202_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031682","volume":"89","author":"LM Scavo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Scavo LM, Karas M, Murray M, Leroith D. Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates both cell growth and lipogenesis during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2004;89(7):3543\u201353.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"202_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.03.001","volume":"114","author":"M-S Suleiman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suleiman M-S, Singh R, Stewart C. Apoptosis and the cardiac action of insulin-like growth factor I. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;114(3):278\u201394.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"202_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleidi SM, Shayeb E, Bzour J, Abu-Rish EY, Hudaib M, Al Alawi S et al. Serum level of insulin-like growth factor-I in type 2 diabetic patients: impact of obesity. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2019;39(1).","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2019-0015"},{"issue":"5","key":"202_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-012-0373-6","volume":"50","author":"HO El-Mesallamy","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Mesallamy HO, Hamdy NM, Al-aliaa MS. Effect of obesity and glycemic control on serum lipocalins and insulin-like growth factor axis in type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol. 2013;50(5):679\u201385.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"202_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.21123\/bsj.2012.9.4.656-662","volume":"9","author":"BF Hasan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hasan BF, Salman IN, Hamzah NA. The relation of IGF-1 and Insulin Resistance in a sample of Iraqi obese type 2 Diabetic patients with Macrovascular. Baghdad Sci J. 2012;9:4.","journal-title":"Baghdad Sci J"},{"issue":"1","key":"202_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00235-1","volume":"170","author":"AH Heald","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heald AH, Anderson SG, Ivison F, Laing I, Gibson JM, Cruickshank K. C-reactive protein and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-system in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease in different ethnic groups. Atherosclerosis. 2003;170(1):79\u201386.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"202_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2008.11.003","volume":"35","author":"U Petersson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petersson U, \u00d6stgren CJ, Brudin L, Brismar K, Nilsson P. Low levels of insulin-like growth-factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) are prospectively associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): the S\u00f6der\u00e5kra Cardiovascular risk factor study. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35(3):198\u2013205.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"202_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0028","volume":"30","author":"S Jogie-Brahim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jogie-Brahim S, Feldman D, Oh Y. Unraveling insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 actions in human disease. Endocr Rev. 2009;30(5):417\u201337.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"202_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.919","volume":"25","author":"SN Rajpathak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rajpathak SN, Gunter MJ, Wylie-Rosett J, Ho GY, Kaplan RC, Muzumdar R, et al. The role of insulin\u2010like growth factor\u2010I and its binding proteins in glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. Diab\/Metab Res Rev. 2009;25(1):3\u201312.","journal-title":"Diab\/Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"202_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2014.09.002","volume":"24","author":"S Savastano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Savastano S, Di Somma C, Barrea L, Colao A. The complex relationship between obesity and the somatropic axis: the long and winding road. Growth Hormon IGF Res. 2014;24(6):221\u20136.","journal-title":"Growth Hormon IGF Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"202_CR21","first-page":"1686","volume":"85","author":"N Mauras","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mauras N, O\u2019Brien KO, Welch S, Rini A, Helgeson K, Vieira NE, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient humans: differential effects on protein, glucose, lipid, and calcium metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2000;85(4):1686\u201394.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"suppl1","key":"202_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0271","volume":"157","author":"A McDonald","year":"2007","unstructured":"McDonald A, Williams RM, Regan FM, Semple RK, Dunger DB. IGF-I treatment of insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157(suppl1):S51\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"202_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39375","volume":"119","author":"S Melmed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Melmed S. Acromegaly pathogenesis and treatment. J Clin Investig. 2009;119(11):3189\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"9","key":"202_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02195.x","volume":"24","author":"P Maison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maison P, Balkau B, Souberbielle JC, Cunin P, Vol S, Macquin-Mavier I, et al. Evidence for distinct effects of GH and IGF\u2010I in the metabolic syndrome. Diabet Med. 2007;24(9):1012\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"202_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.12.006","volume":"93","author":"J Ren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ren J, Anversa P. The insulin-like growth factor I system: physiological and pathophysiological implication in cardiovascular diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. Biochem Pharmacol. 2015;93(4):409\u201317.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"202_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000074514","volume":"60","author":"DB Dunger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dunger DB, Ong KKL, Sandhu MS. Serum insulin-like Growth Factor-I levels and potential risk of type 2 diabetes. Hormone Res Paediatrics. 2003;60(suppl 3):131\u20135.","journal-title":"Hormone Res Paediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"202_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-6374(03)00038-8","volume":"13","author":"A Juul","year":"2003","unstructured":"Juul A. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I and its binding proteins in health and disease. Growth hormone & IGF research. Official J Growth Hormone Res Soc Int IGF Res Soc. 2003;13(4):113\u201370.","journal-title":"Official J Growth Hormone Res Soc Int IGF Res Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"202_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad173","volume":"30","author":"P Mone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mone P, De Gennaro S, Moriello D, Frullone S, D\u2019Amelio R, Ferrante MNV, et al. Insulin resistance drives cognitive impairment in hypertensive pre-diabetic frail elders: the CENTENNIAL study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(12):1283\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"202_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102581","volume":"16","author":"DL Tahapary","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tahapary DL, Pratisthita LB, Fitri NA, Marcella C, Wafa S, Kurniawan F, et al. Challenges in the diagnosis of insulin resistance: focusing on the role of HOMA-IR and Tryglyceride\/glucose index. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022;16(8):102581.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"202_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santulli G, Visco V, Varzideh F, Guerra G, Kansakar U, Gasperi M et al. Prediabetes Increases the Risk of Frailty in Prefrail Older Adults With Hypertension: Beneficial Effects of Metformin. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex: 1979). 2024;81(7):1637-43.","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.23087"},{"key":"202_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.01.006","volume":"111","author":"P Mone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mone P, De Gennaro S, Frullone S, Marro A, Santulli G. Hyperglycemia drives the transition from pre-frailty to frailty: the monteforte study. Eur J Intern Med. 2023;111:135\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"202_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e500","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1921","volume":"115","author":"M Keskin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keskin M, Kurtoglu S, Kendirci M, Atabek ME, Yazici C. Homeostasis model assessment is more reliable than the fasting glucose\/insulin ratio and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index for assessing insulin resistance among obese children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2005;115(4):e500\u20133.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"202_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10762","volume":"106","author":"HN Ginsberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ginsberg HN. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Investig. 2000;106(4):453\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"202_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18576","volume":"109","author":"HE Lebovitz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lebovitz HE. Insulin resistance: definition and consequences. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes: official journal. German Soc Endocrinol [and] German Diabetes Association. 2001;109(Suppl 2):S135\u201348.","journal-title":"German Soc Endocrinol [and] German Diabetes Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"202_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0783","volume":"46","author":"P Mone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mone P, Lombardi A, Salemme L, Cioppa A, Popusoi G, Varzideh F, et al. Stress hyperglycemia drives the risk of hospitalization for chest Pain in patients with ischemia and nonobstructive coronary arteries (INOCA). Diabetes Care. 2023;46(2):450\u20134.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"202_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.1.57","volume":"23","author":"E Bonora","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bonora E, Targher G, Alberiche M, Bonadonna RC, Saggiani F, Zenere MB, et al. Homeostasis model assessment closely mirrors the glucose clamp technique in the assessment of insulin sensitivity: studies in subjects with various degrees of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(1):57\u201363.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"202_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam CS, Chen M-H, Lacey SM, Yang Q, Sullivan LM, Xanthakis V et al. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding protein-3: metabolic and genetic correlates in the community. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2010;30(7):1479\u201384.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.203943"},{"issue":"10","key":"202_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0770","volume":"33","author":"S Teppala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Teppala S, Shankar A. Association between serum IGF-1 and diabetes among US adults. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2257\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"202_CR39","first-page":"1407","volume":"80","author":"M Rasmussen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rasmussen M, Hvidberg A, Juul A, Main K, Gotfredsen A, Skakkebaek N, et al. Massive weight loss restores 24-hour growth hormone release profiles and serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 1995;80(4):1407\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"202_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2003.11.004","volume":"14","author":"JM G\u00f3mez","year":"2004","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez JM, Maravall FJ, G\u00f3mez N, Navarro M\u00c1, Casamitjana R, Soler J. The IGF-I system component concentrations that decrease with ageing are lower in obesity in relationship to body mass index and body fat. Growth Hormon IGF Res. 2004;14(2):91\u20136.","journal-title":"Growth Hormon IGF Res"},{"key":"202_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyake H, Kanazawa I, Sugimoto T. Decreased serum insulin-like growth factor-I level is associated with the increased mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr J. 2016:EJ16\u20130076.","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0076"},{"issue":"5","key":"202_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800412","volume":"21","author":"S Nam","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nam S, Lee E, Kim K, Cha B, Song Y, Lim S, et al. Effect of obesity on total and free insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and their relationship to IGF-binding protein (BP)-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, insulin, and growth hormone. Int J Obes. 1997;21(5):355\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"3","key":"202_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90099-X","volume":"43","author":"MH Rasmussen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rasmussen MH, Frystyk J, Andersen T, Breum L, Christiansen JS, Hilsted J. The impact of obesity, fat distribution, and energy restriction on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3, insulin, and growth hormone. Metabolism. 1994;43(3):315\u20139.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"202_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0939","volume":"168","author":"A Qaseem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, Horwitch C, Barry MJ, Forciea MA. Hemoglobin A1c targets for glycemic control with pharmacologic therapy for nonpregnant adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a guidance statement update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(8):569\u201376.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"202_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2016.03.002","volume":"29","author":"K Suda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suda K, Matsumoto R, Fukuoka H, Iguchi G, Hirota Y, Nishizawa H, et al. The influence of type 2 diabetes on serum GH and IGF-I levels in hospitalized Japanese patients. Growth Hormon IGF Res. 2016;29:4\u201310.","journal-title":"Growth Hormon IGF Res"}],"container-title":["Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40842-024-00202-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40842-024-00202-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40842-024-00202-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T19:02:53Z","timestamp":1732302173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/clindiabetesendo.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40842-024-00202-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40842-024-00202-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4206010\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2055-8260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-8260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"<i>The Iraqi Board of Medical Specializations<\/i> declares that the research entitled: \u201cThe impact of insulin resistance and glycaemic control on Insulin like growth factor-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross sectional study\u201d obtained the approval of the human ethics committee. The Board also certifies that all the participants had declared their consent to participate in this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The Board certifies consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Hasanain MohammedHuthaifa AbdlWhab; Araz Al-Saffar; Osama Abbas Mahdi; Rafid Badri Alameri declare no conflict of interest in conducting this research.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36"}}