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The dorsal surface of the apex and rostral parts of the body had well-developed filiform papillae, whereas the tip\u2019s surface had mucosal folds, tubercles, and few filiform papillae. The torus lingua\u2019s dorsal surface displayed few lentiform papillae, while two conical papillae subtypes and numerous circumvallate papillae were present on its lateral surfaces. A slight median ridge on the dorsal surface of the body had not been described previously. Six filiform papillae subtypes were identified: long and rod-like on the tip; tongue-like and elongated on the lateral area of the apex and body; transient conical and leaf-like on the median line. The accessory processes were: one pair (on long, tongue-like, and transient conical), two pairs (on leaf-like and elongated), and four pairs on the large conical papillae. The two fungiform papillae subtypes were surrounded by a groove and had taste pores (3\u20135 on the oval and 5\u20139 on the round papillae). The U-shaped annular bad were observed around the ovoid circumvallate papillae, and the circular bad were observed around the round ones. The circumvallate had taste pores (8\u201314 on the round\u2019s dorsal and lateral surfaces and 6\u201310 on the ovoid\u2019s lateral surface).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The papillary system\u2019s regional divergence was specialized for its harsh and semi-harsh diet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40850-024-00208-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:02:06Z","timestamp":1723420926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biological aspects of the lingual papillae of the Arab Zebu cattle: a new perspicuity of its chad ecological adaptations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3289-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abumandour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seham","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foad","family":"Farrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramadan","family":"Kandyel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karam","family":"Roshdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diaa","family":"Massoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Kamal","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"208_CR1","unstructured":"Mian Oudanang K. 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This study was carried out with ethical permission from the faculty of veterinary medicine at Benha University and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (BUFVTM) under the protocol number (approval code: BUFVTM 62-11-23). All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations by the Basel Declaration and the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS). The anatomical nomenclature was applied according to Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria [\n                      \n                      ].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}