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However, policy development often excludes the voices of those directly affected, leading to strategies that fail to meet their needs. This study was grounded in the principle that people experiencing a phenomenon have the clearest view of its causes and solutions. We used a community-based participatory research design, group concept mapping, to partner with the homeless community in Rhode Island to understand what is needed to effectively address this crisis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with current or recent experiences of homelessness were eligible to participate, and recruitment occurred primarily by word-of-mouth between partners (participants) and their peers. The research involved 43 partners in step one, where they responded to an open-ended prompt, \u201cWhen we understand ______ better, the homelessness crisis will be better,\u201d to generate 25 statements. In step two, 50 partners sorted these statements based on similarity and rated them on a scale of 1 (not at all important) to 4 (very important). The data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis to visualize the interconnections and group the statements. The research team reached consensus on a five-cluster solution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The five core clusters were: immediate and basic needs (average rating 3.66), longer-term needs (3.48), interactions with authority (3.45), core factors of well-being (3.11), and the social experience of homelessness (3.11). The single highest-rated topic was housing availability, affordability, and stability (3.93). Crucially, partners conceptually grouped mental health and substance use care within the\n                      <jats:italic>interactions with authority<\/jats:italic>\n                      cluster, suggesting that behavioral health services are often mandated rather than voluntarily sought in the community.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study confirms that community-based participatory research is feasible and effective in developing a research and action roadmap with people experiencing unsheltered homelessness. The results suggest the necessity of adapting healthcare and social service systems to be more responsive to the needs of the homeless community, including by emphasizing the importance of voluntary treatment models. The process centered partners\u2019 perspectives, validating their lived expertise and inviting their continued collaboration in future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-026-00850-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T04:25:28Z","timestamp":1771820728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Using group concept mapping to co-create a research agenda with the homeless community in Rhode Island"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"850_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2022.100043","volume":"2","author":"J Richards","year":"2023","unstructured":"Richards J, Kuhn R. 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J Health Care Law Policy. 2020;23:1\u201366.","journal-title":"J Health Care Law Policy"}],"container-title":["Research Involvement and Engagement"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40900-026-00850-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40900-026-00850-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40900-026-00850-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:40:41Z","timestamp":1781635241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40900-026-00850-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40900-026-00850-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-7529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-7529","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Rhode Island College Institutional Review Board (protocol #2561). Research was conducted in accordance with the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics (https:\/\/www.socialworkers.org\/About\/Ethics\/Code-of-Ethics\/).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"N\/A (no individual person\u2019s identifiable data included).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"As noted in the body of the text, MS is an early-career academic who has done homelessness outreach for almost two decades but who has not herself experienced homelessness, LG is a Master of Social Work student without personal experience with homelessness, and DA has recent personal experience with unsheltered homelessness.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 information"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"38"}}