{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:47:47Z","timestamp":1792788467503,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Clinical Technology of Guangzhou","award":["2019TS41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TS41"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to compare differences in facial soft tissue thickness in three-dimensional (3D) images before and after orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between hard and soft tissue changes after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present retrospective study included 31 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion with mandibular chin deviation greater than 4 mm who had undergone cone-beam computed tomography before and 6 months after surgery. Seven bilateral points were established. Measurements were taken from software-generated multiplanar reconstructions. The predictor variables were timing (pre- and postoperatively) and side (deviated vs. nondedicated). A regression model and correlation analysis were conducted for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The difference of bilateral facial soft tissue thickness was statistically significantly different between deviated and nondeviated sides (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), with lower values observed on the deviated side. The soft tissue thickness has become nearly symmetric at local regions of the lower thirds of the face after orthognathic surgery. However, most measurements showed a negative correlation between changes in soft tissue thickness and changes in bone tissues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Skeletal Class III malocclusion with facial asymmetry is accompanied by differences in soft tissue thickness when comparing Dev and N-Dev sides of the posterior region of the mandible, where soft tissues are thinner on the Dev side. Soft tissue thickness can compensate for or camouflage the underlying asymmetric mandible. In addition, the asymmetric soft tissue thickness on the lower third of the face can be partially improved by orthognathic surgery, but the amount of soft tissue thickness change is not consistent with that of hard tissue positional change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-021-00323-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T16:16:05Z","timestamp":1633882565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluation of facial soft tissue thickness in asymmetric mandibular deformities after orthognathic surgery"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Luo","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhicong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lunqiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9333-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng-guo","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2006)076[0806:SAMODD]2.0.CO;2","volume":"76","author":"MT Chew","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chew MT (2006) Spectrum and management of dentofacial deformities in a multiethnic Asian population. Angle Orthod 76(5):806\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1043\/0003-3219(2006)076[0806:SAMODD]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"323_CR2","first-page":"181","volume":"7","author":"N Samman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Samman N, Tong AC, Cheung DL, Tideman H (1992) Analysis of 300 dentofacial deformities in Hong Kong. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthog-nath Surg 7:181\u2013185","journal-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthog-nath Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.01.014","volume":"143","author":"WR Proffit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit WR, Jackson TH, Turvey TA (2013) Changes in the pattern of patients receiving surgical-orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 143(6):793\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.01.014","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.12.026","volume":"107","author":"YJ Jung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jung YJ, Kim MJ, Baek SH (2008) Hard and soft tissue changes after correction of mandibular prognathism and facial asymmetry by mandibular setback surgery: three-dimensional analysis using computerized tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 107(6):763\u2013771.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.12.026","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"2","key":"323_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.12.013","volume":"45","author":"C Sforza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sforza C, Peretta R, Grandi G, Ferronato G, Ferrario VF (2007) Three-dimensional facial morphometry in skeletal class III patients: a non-invasive study of soft-tissue changes before and after orthognathic surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45(2):138\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.12.013","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.09.001","volume":"41","author":"KM Oh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oh KM, Seo SK, Park JE, Sim HS, Cevidanes LH, Kim YJ et al (2013) Post-operative soft tissue changes in patients with mandibular prognathism after bimaxillary surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 41(3):204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.09.001","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2012.02.005","volume":"71","author":"BR Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim BR, Oh KM, Cevidanes LH, Park JE, Sim HS, Seo SK et al (2013) Analysis of 3D soft tissue changes after 1- and 2-jaw orthognathic surgery in mandibular prognathism patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 71(1):151\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2012.02.005","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"323_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.07.020","volume":"131","author":"N Masuoka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Masuoka N, Muramatsu A, Ariji Y, Nawa H, Goto S, Ariji E (2007) Discriminative thresholds of cephalometric indexes in the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 131(5):609\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.07.020","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"323_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2012.42.2.56","volume":"42","author":"HS Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang HS, Yuan D, Jeong KH, Uhm GS, Cho JH, Yoon SJ (2012) Three dimensional soft tissue analysis for the evaluation of facial asymmetry in normal occlusion individuals. Korean J Orthod 42(2):56\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4041\/kjod.2012.42.2.56","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"issue":"4","key":"323_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.09.028","volume":"149","author":"NM Young","year":"2016","unstructured":"Young NM, Sherathiya K, Gutierrez L, Nguyen E, Bekmezian S, Huang JC, Hallgr\u00edmsson B, Lee JS, Marcucio RS (2016) Facial surface morphology predicts variation in internal skeletal shape. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 149(4):501\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.09.028","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"issue":"9","key":"323_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2013.04.008","volume":"71","author":"ST Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee ST, Mori Y, Minami K, An CH, Park JW, Kwon TG (2013) Does skeletal surgery for asymmetric mandibular prognathism influence the soft tissue contour and thickness? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 71(9):1577\u20131587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2013.04.008","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"323_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.03.024","volume":"1552","author":"L Siqueira de Lima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siqueira de Lima L, Brunetto DP, da Cunha Gon\u00e7alves Nojima M (2019) Evaluation of facial soft tissue thickness in symmetric and asymmetric subjects with the use of cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1552(2):216\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.03.024","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/23.3.217","volume":"23","author":"K Maki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maki K, Miller AJ, Okano T, Hatcher D, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi H, Shibasaki Y (2001) Cortical bone mineral density in asymmetrical mandibles: a three-dimensional quantitative computed tomography study. Eur J Orthod 23(3):217\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/23.3.217","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"6","key":"323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500614","volume":"85","author":"TK Goto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goto TK, Nishida S, Yahagi M, Langenbach GE, Nakamura Y, Tokumori K et al (2006) Size and orientation of masticatory muscles in patients with mandibular laterognathism. J Dent Res. 85(6):552\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154405910608500614","journal-title":"J Dent Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"323_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.04.002","volume":"45","author":"Y Gomez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gomez Y, Zamora N, Tarazona B, Bellot-Arc\u00eds C, Paredes-Gallardo V (2017) Cross-sectional human study of soft tissue chin (STC) thickness in adult patients in relation to sex, facial pattern and skeletal class. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 45(8):1205\u20131211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.04.002","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2319\/040114-237.1","volume":"85","author":"M Celikoglu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Celikoglu M, Buyuk SK, Ekizer A, Sekerci AE, Sisman Y (2015) Assessment of the soft tissue thickness at the lower anterior face in adult patients with different skeletal vertical patterns using cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod 85(2):211\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/040114-237.1","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"323_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47477-x","volume":"9","author":"SM Kwon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwon SM, Hwang JJ, Jung YH, Cho BH, Lee KJ, Hwang CJ, Choi SH (2019) Similarity index for intuitive assessment of three-dimensional facial asymmetry. Sci Rep 9(1):10959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-47477-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"323_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2010.04.020","volume":"68","author":"CU Joss","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joss CU, Joss-Vassalli IM, Berg\u00e9 SJ, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM (2010) Soft tissue profile change after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy for mandibular setback: a systemic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68(11):2792\u20132801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2010.04.020","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"323_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2004.04.019","volume":"62","author":"M Soncul","year":"2004","unstructured":"Soncul M, Bamber MA (2004) Evaluation of facial soft tissue changes with optical surface scan after surgical correction of class III deformities. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62(11):1331\u20131340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2004.04.019","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40902-021-00323-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40902-021-00323-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40902-021-00323-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T16:40:02Z","timestamp":1633884002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jkamprs.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40902-021-00323-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40902-021-00323-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-8586"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-8586","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This investigation was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all of the participants enrolled in the study. The institutional ethics committee approved all protocols.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all of the participants enrolled in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}