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Thirty standardized profile images combining three Li-Sbl angles (30\u00b0, 45\u00b0, 70\u00b0) with five Lia-Pog\u2032 angles (0\u00b0\u201340\u00b0) were evaluated by 270 assessors (maxillofacial surgeons, orthodontists, skeletal Class II patients, laypeople) for aesthetic perceptions and surgical recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gender-specific optimal configurations were identified: females achieved highest scores (7.81\u20138.19) at Li-Sbl 45\u00b0\/Lia-Pog\u2032 20\u00b0; males at Li-Sbl 45\u00b0\/Lia-Pog\u2032 10\u00b0\u201320\u00b0 or Li-Sbl 70\u00b0\/Lia-Pog\u2032 0\u00b0 (6.31\u20137.60). Significant Li-Sbl\u2009\u00d7\u2009Lia-Pog\u2032 interactions demonstrated compensation mechanisms. Critically, Li-Sbl\u2009\u2264\u200930\u00b0 yielded consistently low ratings (&lt;\u20095.0) regardless of chin positioning. Evaluator background significantly influenced perceptions and recommendations (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Li-Sbl\u2009\u00d7\u2009Lia-Pog\u2032 model provides the first quantitative framework for orthognathic treatment planning. It addresses two clinical decision points: identifying borderline cases requiring multidisciplinary consultation, and determining surgical approach where the Li-Sbl\u2009\u2264\u200930\u00b0 threshold indicates isolated genioplasty is insufficient. We recommend gender-specific targets: Li-Sbl 45\u00b0\/Lia-Pog\u2032 20\u00b0 for females; Li-Sbl 45\u00b0\/Lia-Pog\u2032 10\u00b0\u201320\u00b0 or Li-Sbl 70\u00b0\/Lia-Pog\u2032 0\u00b0 for males. This framework enables evidence-based orthognathic surgical decision-making, reducing reliance on subjective assessment and improving treatment predictability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-026-00501-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T07:57:20Z","timestamp":1775462240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lower lip inclination and chin prominence: interactive effects on facial aesthetics and implications for orthognathic treatment planning"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Gui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueyang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"501_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2023.100730","volume":"21","author":"H Nongthombam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nongthombam H, Kumar M, Goyal M, Abrar M, Shaha KS, Kumar S (2023) Regional influence on the aesthetic preference of different Mongolian profiles: A comparative study of assessors from Northeast and Mainland India. 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Informed consent was obtained from both models (one male and one female) for standardized image creation. Written informed consent was also obtained from patients for de-identified clinical photographs (Fig.\u00a0\n                      \n                      ). Evaluator participation did not require individual consent as approved by the Ethics Committee, since the evaluation involved no sensitive personal information and all data were processed anonymously.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The models signed consent to manipulate and publish their profile images. Patients signed consent to publish their de-identified clinical photographs.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}