{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T22:02:38Z","timestamp":1740175358289,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Retin Vitr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To evaluate spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings as biomarkers in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) with or without ocular involvement.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was a cross-sectional study and patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PCNSL with or without ocular involvement were included. Patient cohort finder tool was used to identify patients with lymphoma using ICD-10 codes (C82\u2013C88), from January 2004 to October 2017. A total of 14,820 patients were identified. Procedure code (92134) for optical coherence tomography (OCT) was then applied to identify patients who had underdone OCT imaging at ophthalmology clinic. Clinic charts of 460 patients with lymphoma and available OCT were reviewed to identify patients with confirmed diagnosis of PCNSL and divided into two groups (Group 1: with and Group 2: without ocular involvement). OCT scans of patients in both study groups were analyzed for the presence of (1) Hyperreflective deposits in choroid, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), outer and inner retina; (2) RPE thickening; (3) Vitreous debris; (4) Intraretinal fluid; (5) Ellipsoid zone disruption by masked graders. Chi-square was used to analyze the difference between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twenty-two eyes (11 patients) with PCNSL were included this study (Group 1: 6 eyes and Group 2: 16 eyes). Mean age of subjects was 65\u00a0years. Five patients (45.45%) were female. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for the presence of hyperreflective deposits in choroid, RPE, outer and inner retina, and presence of RPE thickening, intraretinal fluid, and ellipsoid zone disruption. Vitreous debris was found more commonly in group 1 subjects (83%) than group 2 (31.25%) (p\u2009=\u20090.029). All subjects in both groups showed hyperreflective deposits in the RPE demonstrating RPE infiltration. However, RPE thickening was noted only in 3 patients (Group1: 1 and Group2: 2).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>OCT finding of hyperreflective deposits present in eyes with lymphoma secondary to PCNSL are also observed in eyes with PCNSL without ocular disease. However, the vitreous deposits are more commonly found in eyes with ocular disease. These hyperreflective deposits can serve as biomarkers for early detection of ocular involvement by PCNSL.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-021-00345-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T12:03:17Z","timestamp":1637755397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings as potential biomarkers in central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma with or without ocular involvement"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubbia","family":"Afridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nam V.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan Dong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir J.","family":"Sepah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"81","key":"345_CR1","first-page":"93","volume":"15","author":"CC Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan CC, Sen HN. Current concepts in diagnosing and managing primary vitreoretinal (intraocular) lymphoma. Discov Med. 2013;15(81):93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"345_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190600674339","volume":"47","author":"K Dunleavy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dunleavy K, Wilson WH. Primary intraocular lymphoma: current and future perspectives. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(9):1726\u20137.","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"6","key":"345_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.6.0835","volume":"68","author":"FH Hochberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hochberg FH, Miller DC. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Neurosurg. 1988;68(6):835\u201353.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"345_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0210","volume":"16","author":"CC Chan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chan CC, Rubenstein JL, Coupland SE, Davis JL, Harbour JW, Johnston PB, et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a report from an International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Collaborative Group symposium. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1589\u201399.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"345_CR5","first-page":"247","volume":"1","author":"K Jahnke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jahnke K, Thiel E, Abrey LE, Neuwelt EA, Korfel A. Diagnosis and management of primary intraocular lymphoma: an update. Clin Ophthalmol. 2007;1(3):247\u201358.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"345_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90341-X","volume":"106","author":"EK Akpek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Akpek EK, Ahmed I, Hochberg FH, Soheilian M, Dryja TP, Jakobiec FA, et al. Intraocular-central nervous system lymphoma: clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(9):1805\u201310.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"345_CR7","first-page":"1301","volume":"10","author":"LJ Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang LJ, Gu CL, Zhang P. Intraocular lymphoma. Int J Ophthalmol. 2017;10(8):1301\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"345_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20151027-11","volume":"46","author":"ME Ryan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ryan ME, Shantha JG, Grossniklaus HE, Yeh S. Secondary vitreoretinal lymphoma masquerading as acute retinal necrosis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2015;46(10):1048\u201350.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"345_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1193206","volume":"26","author":"K Abu Samra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abu Samra K, Oray M, Ebrahimiadib N, Lee S, Anesi S, Foster CS. Intraocular lymphoma: descriptive data of 26 patients including clinico-pathologic features, vitreous findings, and treatment outcomes. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(3):347\u201352.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"11","key":"345_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdm340","volume":"18","author":"SA Grimm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grimm SA, Pulido JS, Jahnke K, Schiff D, Hall AJ, Shenkier TN, et al. 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Characteristic optical coherence tomography findings in patients with primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a novel aid to early diagnosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102:1362\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"345_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12348-012-0072-z","volume":"2","author":"TY Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu TY, Ibrahim M, Bittencourt M, Sepah YJ, Do DV, Nguyen QD. Retinal optical coherence tomography manifestations of intraocular lymphoma. J Ophthal Inflam Infect. 2012;2(4):215\u20138.","journal-title":"J Ophthal Inflam Infect"},{"key":"345_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang X, Dalvin LA, Mazloumi M, Ferenczy S, Lim L-AS, Ancona-Lezama D, et al. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography features of vitreoretinal lymphoma in 55 eyes. 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The study was conducted in compliance with the declaration of Helsinki, US Code of Federal Regulations Title-21, and the Harmonized Tripartite Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (1996). A inform consent waiver was obtained as this was a retrospective chart review.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"QDN is a recipient of a Physician Scientist Award from Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY, and serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for AbbVie, Bayer, Genentech, Regeneron, and Santen, among others. QDN also chaired the Steering Committee for the RISE and RIDE studies and was on the Steering Committee for the VISTA Study, and other studies sponsored by Genentech and Regeneron.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"70"}}