{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:47:24Z","timestamp":1787161644592,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Retin Vitr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven biomarker segmentation offers an objective and reproducible approach for quantifying key anatomical features in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Currently, Faricimab, a novel bispecific inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), offers new potential in the management of nAMD, particularly in treatment-resistant cases. This study utilizes an advanced deep learning-based segmentation algorithm to analyze OCT biomarkers and evaluate the efficacy and durability of Faricimab over nine months in patients with therapy-refractory nAMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective real-world study analyzed patients with treatment-resistant nAMD who switched to Faricimab following inadequate responses to ranibizumab or aflibercept. Automated segmentation of key OCT biomarkers - including fibrovascular pigment epithelium detachment (fvPED), intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid (SRF), subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM), choroidal volume, and central retinal thickness (CRT) - was conducted using a deep learning algorithm based on a convolutional neural network.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 46 eyes from 41 patients completed the nine-month follow-up. Significant reductions in SRF, fvPED, and choroidal volume were observed from baseline (mo0) to three months (mo3) and sustained at nine months (mo9). CRT decreased significantly from 342.7 (interquartile range (iqr): 117.1) \u00b5m at mo0 to 296.6 (iqr: 84.3) \u00b5m at mo3 and 310.2 (iqr: 93.6) \u00b5m at mo9. The deep learning model provided precise quantification of biomarkers, enabling reliable tracking of disease progression. The median injection interval extended from 35 (iqr: 15) days at mo0 to 56 (iqr: 20) days at mo9, representing a 60% increase. Visual acuity remained stable throughout the study. Correlation analysis revealed that higher baseline CRT and fvPED volumes were associated with greater best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvements and longer treatment intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the potential of AI-driven biomarker segmentation as a precise and scalable tool for monitoring disease progression in treatment-resistant nAMD. By enabling objective and reproducible analysis of OCT biomarkers, deep learning algorithms provide critical insights into treatment response. Faricimab demonstrated significant and sustained anatomical improvements, allowing for extended treatment intervals while maintaining disease stability. Future research should focus on refining AI models to improve predictive accuracy and assessing long-term outcomes to further optimize disease management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of LMU Munich (study ID: 20\u20130382). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00669-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T09:57:41Z","timestamp":1744365461000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Deep learning assisted analysis of biomarker changes in refractory neovascular AMD after switch to faricimab"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Hafner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Eckardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Siedlecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Schworm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina R.","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Asani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siegfried G.","family":"Priglinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes B.","family":"Schiefelbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"669_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.3.261","volume":"85","author":"HR Taylor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taylor HR, Keeffe JE. 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Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(7):3135\u201342.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Retina and Vitreous"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00669-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00669-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00669-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T09:57:45Z","timestamp":1744365465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00669-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00669-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-9920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-9920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, study ID: 20\u20130382, and the study followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its later amendments. Data extraction was carried out completely anonymously, with no reference to patient names or IDs. Informed consent was obtained in accordance with institutional guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"B.A. has received speaker honoraria and research support from Novartis and research support from Alcon. FE has received speaker honoraria from Novartis. J.S. has received honoraria and served on advisory boards for Novartis, AbbVie\/Pharm-Allergan, Bayer, Roche, Apellis, and Hexal. Additionally, he has received honoraria from Heidelberg Engineering. B.S. has received speaker honoraria from Novartis. T.R.H. has received honoraria for Novartis, AbbVie\/Pharm-Allergan, Bayer, Roche, Novonordisk and served on advisory boards for Bayer and Roche. S.G.P. has received advisory board honoraria from Novartis, Pharm-Allergan, Bayer, and Alcon. He has also received consulting or advisory board honoraria from Zeiss, BVI, Roche and Bausch & Lomb. J.B.S. has received speaker honoraria and research support from Novartis. M.H. declares no financial disclosures. All authors affirm that these conflicts of interest do not affect or influence the design, conduct, or reporting of this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44"}}