{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:44:36Z","timestamp":1787021076983,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Retin Vitr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess ethnic differences in the prevalence, diagnosis, and management of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) compared to typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) among Chinese and Caucasian patients in British Columbia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective chart review was conducted between 2008 and 2013 based on predefined inclusion criteria. Demographic, diagnostic, and clinical outcome data\u2014including race, lesion type, diagnostic modality, and treatment response\u2014were extracted and analyzed using RStudio.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 416 eyes reviewed, 92.07% (383\/416, N\u2009=\u2009Total sample number) were from Caucasian patients and 7.93% (33\/416, N\u2009=\u2009Total sample number) from Chinese patients. No statistically significant difference in median age at diagnosis was observed between ethnic groups. ICGA was used in 3.57% (2\/56, N\u2009=\u2009Total number of PCV cases) of PCV cases. Anti-VEGF monotherapy was the predominant treatment modality, while combination therapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT) was employed in 5.38% (22\/353\u2009+\u200956) of cases. There were no significant differences in visual acuity (VA) gains or central retinal thickness (CRT) reductions between PCV and nAMD diagnoses, nor between ethnic groups. Under anti-VEGF monotherapy, visual acuity and central retinal thickness outcomes were similar between PCV and nAMD and across the ethnic groups evaluated, within the limitations of the study design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PCV, though less common than typical nAMD, was identified in both Chinese and Caucasian patients, with a trend toward younger age at presentation compared to nAMD. The low utilization of ICGA may contribute to the underdiagnosis of PCV. Nevertheless, anti-VEGF monotherapy yielded comparable outcomes across diagnoses and ethnicities, underscoring the importance of equitable diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in nAMD care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00744-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T13:25:34Z","timestamp":1761571534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recognition and treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and age-related macular degeneration in British Columbia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yoomin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidrat","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan K.","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Handan","family":"Akil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo V.","family":"Navajas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"744_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.01.003","volume":"105","author":"CJ Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas CJ, Mirza RG, Gill MK. Age-Related macular degeneration. Med Clin North Am. 2021;105(3):473\u201391.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"744_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001872","volume":"38","author":"TD Lorentzen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lorentzen TD, Subhi Y, S\u00f8rensen TL. Prevalence of polypoidal choroidal, vasculopathy in white patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis. Retina. 2018;38(12):2363\u201371.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"744_CR3","first-page":"443","volume":"128","author":"CMG Cheung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheung CMG, Lai TYY, Teo K, Ruamviboonsuk P, Chen SJ, Kim JE, et al. Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Ophthalmol. 2021;128(3):443\u201352.","journal-title":"Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"744_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0225-x","volume":"33","author":"Y Yanagi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yanagi Y, Foo VHX, Yoshida A. Asian age-related macular degeneration: from basic science research perspective. Eye. 2019;33(1):34\u201349.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"10386","key":"744_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02609-5","volume":"401","author":"RH Guymer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guymer RH, Campbell TG. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet. 2023;401(10386):1459\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"744_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2017.02.014","volume":"52","author":"YN Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen YN, Devenyi RG, Brent MH, Kertes PJ, Eng KT, Schwartz CE, et al. Age-related macular degeneration: is polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy recognized and treated? Can J Ophthalmol. 2017;52(5):475\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"744_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.08.025","volume":"158","author":"G De Salvo","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Salvo G, Vaz-Pereira S, Keane PA, Tufail A, Liew G. Sensitivity and specificity of Spectral-Domain optical coherence tomography in detecting idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;158(6):1228\u2013e12381.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"744_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.0565","volume":"137","author":"V Chaikitmongkol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaikitmongkol V, Kong J, Khunsongkiet P, Patikulsila D, Sachdeva M, Chavengsaksongkram P, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of potential diagnostic features detected using fundus Photography, optical coherence Tomography, and fluorescein angiography for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(6):661.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"744_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-022-00365-5","volume":"8","author":"AC Permadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Permadi AC, Djatikusumo A, Adriono GA. Optical coherence tomography in diagnosing polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Looking into the future: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Retina Vitr. 2022;8(1):14.","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitr"},{"issue":"4","key":"744_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.10.019","volume":"4","author":"BJ Fenner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fenner BJ, Ting DSW, Tan ACS, Teo K, Chan CM, Mathur R, et al. Real-World treatment outcomes of Age-Related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Asians. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;4(4):403\u201314.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"744_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.10.011","volume":"55","author":"WC Lam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lam WC, Choudhry N, Wong D. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol. 2020;55(3):199\u2013211.","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"744_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01773-x","volume":"36","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu S, Chhabra R. Real-world outcomes of combined therapy of photodynamic therapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Eye. 2022;36(10):1934\u20139.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"744_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82316-y","volume":"11","author":"SC Chi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chi SC, Kang YN, Huang YM. Systematic review with network meta-analysis of antivascular endothelial growth factor use in managing polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2735.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"744_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2012.26.3.157","volume":"26","author":"HJ Cho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cho HJ, Baek JS, Lee DW, Kim CG, Kim JW. Short-term effectiveness of intravitreal bevacizumab vs. Ranibizumab injections for patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2012;26(3):157.","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"744_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.018","volume":"123","author":"K Berg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berg K, Hadzalic E, Gjertsen I, Forsaa V, Berger LH, Kinge B, et al. Ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular Age-Related macular degeneration according to the Lucentis compared to Avastin study Treat-and-Extend protocol. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(1):51\u20139.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"744_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31824f91e8","volume":"32","author":"A Koh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koh A, Lee WK, Chen LJ, Chen SJ, Hashad Y, Kim H, et al. EVEREST STUDY: efficacy and safety of verteporfin photodynamic therapy in combination with Ranibizumab or alone versus Ranibizumab monotherapy in patients with symptomatic macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina. 2012;32(8):1453\u201364.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"9","key":"744_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.2443","volume":"138","author":"TH Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim TH, Lai TYY, Takahashi K, Wong TY, Chen LJ, Ruamviboonsuk P, et al. Comparison of Ranibizumab with or without verteporfin photodynamic therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: the EVEREST II randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(9):935.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"744_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.1804","volume":"136","author":"WK Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee WK, Iida T, Ogura Y, Chen SJ, Wong TY, Mitchell P, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal Aflibercept for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in the PLANET study: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(7):786.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"744_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99634-w","volume":"11","author":"IH Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma IH, Hsia Y, Hsieh YT, Ho TC, Lai TT, Yang CM, et al. Real world experience of the treatment outcome between photodynamic therapy combined with Ranibizumab and Aflibercept monotherapy in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):20115.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"744_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.027","volume":"204","author":"TY Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong TY, Ogura Y, Lee WK, Iida T, Chen SJ, Mitchell P, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal Aflibercept for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Two-Year results of the Aflibercept in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;204:80\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"744_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_975_18","volume":"66","author":"CS Ho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ho CS, Lai TY. Current management strategy of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66(12):1727.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Retina and Vitreous"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00744-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00744-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00744-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:23:03Z","timestamp":1781612583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00744-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00744-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-9920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-9920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This work received ethics board approval from the University of British Columbia Research Ethics Board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"118"}}