{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:58:17Z","timestamp":1781614697371,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alcon\u00a0Project","award":["IIT#75019437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIT#75019437"]}]},{"name":"Xi'an Science and Technology Plan Major Research Project","award":["201805104YX12SF38(3)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201805104YX12SF38(3)"]}]},{"name":"The International Diabetes Exchange and Practice Special Foundation","award":["Z-2017-26-2302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-2017-26-2302"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Incubation Foundation of Xi'an People's Hospital","award":["LH-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Retin Vitr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the intraoperative performance and safety of the 10k cuts-per-minute (cpm)\/25-gauge (G) beveled-tip probe (BTP) versus the 5k-cpm\/23-G flat-tip probe (FTP) in microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This comparative interventional cohort study enrolled 173 eyes of 156 consecutive patients with PDR. Eyes underwent MIVS by a single surgeon from April 2022 to June 2023, utilizing either the 10k\/25-G BTP (study group) or the 5k\/23-G FTP (control group). All patients completed 3-month protocolized follow-up; 72.8% (126 eyes) had extended observational tracking to 6 months. Intraoperative parameters (instrument exchange, endodiathermy application), surgical times, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures: Rate of instrument exchange, number of endodiathermy applications, and operative time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline demographics and operative characteristics were comparable between groups. Total operative time (63.30\u2009\u00b1\u200918.38 vs. 59.84\u2009\u00b1\u200919.28\u00a0min,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.14) and vitrectomy time (36.55\u2009\u00b1\u200915.54 vs. 35.59\u2009\u00b1\u200916.59,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.67) did not differ significantly. The 25-G BTP group demonstrated a 41% reduction in instrument exchanges (1.31\u2009\u00b1\u20092.02 vs. 2.22\u2009\u00b1\u20092.71,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) and required 58% fewer endodiathermy applications (2.28\u2009\u00b1\u20093.33 vs. 5.49\u2009\u00b1\u20096.49 sites,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Sutureless sclerotomy rates were higher in the 25-G group (76.7% vs. 16.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity improvement, complication rates, and intraocular pressure control were equivalent between groups at 3 months and 6 months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While both systems achieve equivalent visual and anatomical outcomes in PDR surgery, the 10k\/25-G BTP system facilitates a novel \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>Trim and Excision<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u201d Technique, enabling more precise dissection of fibrovascular tissue. This technique translates to superior intraoperative efficiency and safety, significantly reducing instrument dependence and iatrogenic hemorrhage without compromising surgical speed or postoperative recovery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This trial is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , registration number ChiCTR2300067743). Date of registration: 2023-01-20.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00746-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T10:42:38Z","timestamp":1762339358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intraoperative precision of 25-gauge beveled-tip versus 23-gauge flat-tip probes in day surgery vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a comparative cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Daxi","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8148-4873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanchun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingnan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"746_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000721","volume":"26","author":"M Sano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sano M, Inoue M, Itoh Y, Hirota K, Koto T, Hirakata A. Efficacy of higher cutting rates during microincision vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2016;26(4):364\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/ejo.5000721.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"746_CR2","volume-title":"Operative techniques in vitreoretinal surgery","author":"AR Bhavsar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhavsar AR. Operative techniques in vitreoretinal surgery. E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"746_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3442-7","volume":"255","author":"M Mikhail","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mikhail M, Ali-Ridha A, Chorfi S, Kapusta MA. Long-term outcomes of sutureless 25-G\u2009+\u2009pars-plana vitrectomy for the management of diabetic tractional retinal detachment. Graefe\u2019s Archive Clin Experimental Ophthalmol. 2016;255(2):255\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-016-3442-7.","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Archive Clin Experimental Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"746_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001884","volume":"38","author":"MH Berrocal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berrocal MH, ALl-probe vitrectomy dissection techniques for diabetic tractional retinal detachments. Lift and shave. Retina. 2018;38(Suppl 1):S2\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001884.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"746_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000002938","volume":"43","author":"G-S Gerardo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gerardo G-S, Chow DR. Shovel and cut technique: beveled vitrectomy probes to address diabetic tractional retinal detachments. Retina. 2023;43(7):1207\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000002938.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"746_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02311-3","volume":"22","author":"HS Uy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uy HS, Cabahug VLO, Artiaga JCM, Chan PS, Famadico JT. Clinical outcomes of a beveled tip, ultra-high speed, 25-gauge Pars plana vitrectomy system. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22(1):93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02311-3.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"746_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan MA, Shahlaee A, Toussaint B, Hsu J, Sivalingam A, Dugel PU, Lakhanpal RR, Riemann CD, Berrocal MH, Regillo CD, et al. Outcomes of 27 gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery for posterior segment disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;161:36\u201343.e1\u20132 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.09.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.09.024"},{"issue":"3","key":"746_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.3.318","volume":"87","author":"A Castellarin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Castellarin A, Grigorian R, Bhagat N, Del Priore L, Zarbin MA. Vitrectomy with silicone oil infusion in severe diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(3):318\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.87.3.318.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"746_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3579-4","volume":"255","author":"CH Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang CH, Hsieh YT, Yang CM. Vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in young adults: clinical features and surgical outcomes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;255(5):863\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-016-3579-4.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"746_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01730-3","volume":"41","author":"SM El-Baha","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Baha SM, Ahmed IS. Trimanual vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol. 2021;41(5):1717\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-021-01730-3.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"746_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.6.737","volume":"87","author":"RA Grigorian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grigorian RA, Castellarin A, Fegan R, Seery C, Del Priore LV, Von Hagen S, Zarbin MA. Epiretinal membrane removal in diabetic eyes: comparison of viscodissection with conventional methods of membrane peeling. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(6):737\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.87.6.737.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"746_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4587","volume":"134","author":"TL Jackson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jackson TL, Johnston RL, Donachie PH, Williamson TH, Sparrow JM, Steel DH. The Royal college of ophthalmologists\u2019 National ophthalmology database study of vitreoretinal surgery: report 6, diabetic vitrectomy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(1):79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4587. quiz 120.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"746_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000369258","volume":"233","author":"G Guthrie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guthrie G, Magill H, Steel DH. 23-gauge versus 25-gauge vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a comparison of surgical outcomes. Ophthalmologica. 2015;233(2):104\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000369258.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"746_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S255162","volume":"14","author":"OA Saleh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saleh OA, Alshamarti SA, Abu-Yaghi NE. Comparison of characteristics and clinical outcomes in 27-Gauge versus 23-Gauge vitrectomy surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:1553\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S255162.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"746_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1159\/000515118","volume":"244","author":"P Stalmans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stalmans P. A comparative study of 23-Gauge and 27-Gauge vitrectomy for puckers or Floaters, including evaluation of the effect of combined Phaco-Vitrectomy surgery on postoperative outcome. Ophthalmologica. 2021;244(3):245\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000515118.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"746_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6149692","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6149692","volume":"2020","author":"J Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma J, Wang Q, Niu H. Comparison of 27-Gauge and 25-Gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery for the treatment of vitreoretinal disease: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2020;2020(1):6149692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/6149692.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"746_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000411","volume":"35","author":"PU Dugel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dugel PU, Abulon DJ, Dimalanta R. Comparison of attraction capabilities associated with high-speed, dual-pneumatic vitrectomy probes. Retina. 2015;35(5):915\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000411.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"746_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e328133889a","volume":"18","author":"E Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen E. 25-Gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18(3):188\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICU.0b013e328133889a.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"746_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v18i4.14552","volume":"18","author":"S Patel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel S, Nair A, Taubenslag K, Scavelli K, Mallory P, Moreno T, Date R, Tamez H. High-speed beveled tip versus standard tip vitrectomy probe: A prospective randomized clinical trial. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2023;18(4):405\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jovr.v18i4.14552.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"746_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003779","volume":"43","author":"SH Hwang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hwang SH, Lee DY, Nam DH. Vitreous cortex remnants removal with beveled vitrectomy probe during vitrectomy for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina. 2023;43(12):2173\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003779.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"746_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-03251-2","volume":"23","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu J, Liu B, Liu J, Wen D, Wang M, Shao Y, Li X. Comparison of 27-gauge beveled-tip and 25-gauge flat-tip microincision vitrectomy surgery in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Ophthalmol. 2023;23(1):504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-023-03251-2.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"746_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(02)01119-3","volume":"109","author":"GY Fujii","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fujii GY, De Juan E Jr., Humayun MS, Chang TS, Pieramici DJ, Barnes A, Kent D. Initial experience using the transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system for vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(10):1814\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(02)01119-3.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"746_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000305","volume":"24","author":"A Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar A, Duraipandi K, Gogia V, Sehra SV, Gupta S, Midha N. Comparative evaluation of 23- and 25-gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery in management of diabetic macular traction retinal detachment. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014;24(1):107\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/ejo.5000305.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"746_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.OJO_42_2016","volume":"10","author":"EA Taleb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taleb EA, Nagpal MP, Mehrotra NS, Bhatt K, Goswami S, Babalola YO, Noman A. Comparison of clinical outcome between 23-G and 25-G vitrectomy in diabetic patients. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2017;10(3):213\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ojo.OJO_42_2016.","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"746_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.06.016","volume":"156","author":"Y Sugiura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sugiura Y, Okamoto F, Okamoto Y, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Intraocular pressure fluctuation during microincision vitrectomy with constellation vision system. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156(5):941\u2013e947941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.06.016.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"746_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.5817","volume":"141","author":"P McCullough","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCullough P, Mohite A, Virgili G, Lois N. Outcomes and complications of Pars plana vitrectomy for tractional retinal detachment in people with diabetes: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2023;141(2):186\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.5817.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"746_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181dcfb79","volume":"30","author":"BJ Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee BJ, Yu HG. Vitreous hemorrhage after the 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retina. 2010;30(10):1671\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181dcfb79.","journal-title":"Retina"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00780-4","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000}}],"container-title":["International Journal of Retina and Vitreous"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00746-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00746-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00746-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:23:33Z","timestamp":1781612613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00746-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00746-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-9920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-9920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Article is updated to correct the error in abstract.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00780-4","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00780-4","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All measurements performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of Xi\u2019an People\u2019s Hospital (Xi\u2019an Fourth Hospital) approved the study protocol (serial number: 20220143). All participants were informed about related issues of this study and signed written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants in this study were informed of the relevant questions and signed an informed consent form, agreeing to the collection and use of their personal data, including personal details, images, and videos related to the study. All intraoperative photographs and imaging materials have been de-identified by removing metadata and any identifiable facial features.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"123"}}