{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:42:20Z","timestamp":1791250940547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Aboutscience Srl","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Physiother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Most of the studies evaluating lifting behavior only focus on very localized parameters such as lumbar spine flexion, while evaluations of whole-body strategies are largely lacking. To enable relatively simple evaluations of whole-body strategies, this study aimed at developing a novel index for quantifying the stoop-squat behavior, and to establish normative values of the index for healthy pain-free adults.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A novel index, the Stoop-Squat-Index, was developed, which describes the proportion between trunk forward lean and lower extremity joint flexion, with possible values ranging from 0 (full squat lifting) to 100 (full stoop lifting). To enable the interpretation of the index in a real-life setting, normative values for lifting a moderately-weighted object (15-kg-box) with a full squat and a full stoop technique were established using motion capture data from 30 healthy pain-free individuals that underwent motion analysis of squat and stoop lifting in the context of a previously conducted study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results showed mean index values of lower than 30 and higher than 90 for the most relevant phases of the squat and stoop movements, respectively, with mean index values differing significantly from each other for the full duration of the lifting phases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The main advantages of the index are that it is simple to calculate and can not only be derived from motion capture data but also from conventional video recordings, which enables large-scale in-field measurements with relatively low expenditure. When used in combination with lumbar spine flexion measurements, the index can contribute important information, which is necessary for comprehensively evaluating whole-body lifting strategies and to shed more light on the debate over the connection between lifting posture and back complaints.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40945-022-00135-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:04:56Z","timestamp":1650585896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Stoop-Squat-Index: a simple but powerful measure for quantifying whole-body lifting behavior"],"prefix":"10.33393","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"18642","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"135_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.10.010","volume":"33","author":"D Nolan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nolan D, O'Sullivan K, Stephenson J, O'Sullivan P, Lucock M. What do physiotherapists and manual handling advisors consider the safest lifting posture, and do back beliefs influence their choice? Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract. 2018;33:35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.10.010.","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"135_CR2","unstructured":"National Insitutes of Health (NIH). Back Health: Lifting with Proper Posture. 2021.\u00a0Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/ors.od.nih.gov\/sr\/dohs\/HealthAndWellness\/Ergonomics\/Pages\/spine.aspx. Accessed 14 Mar 2022."},{"key":"135_CR3","unstructured":"National Health Service (NHS). Safe lifting tips. 2019. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/healthy-body\/safe-lifting-tips\/. Accessed 14 Mar 2022."},{"key":"135_CR4","unstructured":"Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (SUVA). Hebe richtig - trage richtig; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.suva.ch\/de-CH\/material\/Sicherheitsregeln-Tipps\/hebe-richtig---trage-richtig-44018d59315931. Accessed 14 Mar 2022."},{"issue":"23","key":"135_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012010-00018","volume":"25","author":"WE Hoogendoorn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoogendoorn WE, Bongers PM, de Vet HC, Douwes M, Koes BW, Miedema MC, et al. Flexion and rotation of the trunk and lifting at work are risk factors for low back pain: results of a prospective cohort study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(23):3087\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200012010-00018.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"3","key":"135_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9218","volume":"50","author":"N Saraceni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saraceni N, Kent P, Ng L, Campbell A, Straker L, O'Sullivan P. To flex or not to flex? Is there a relationship between lumbar spine flexion during lifting and low Back pain? A systematic review with Meta-analysis. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2020;50(3):121\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2020.9218.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"135_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967940","volume":"36","author":"TR Waters","year":"1993","unstructured":"Waters TR, Putz-Anderson V, Garg A, Fine LJ. Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual lifting tasks. Ergonomics. 1993;36(7):749\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139308967940.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"135_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"von Arx M, Liechti M, Connolly L, Bangerter C, Meier ML, Schmid S. From stoop to squat: a comprehensive analysis of lumbar loading among different lifting styles. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2021;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.769117.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.769117"},{"key":"135_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109593","volume":"100","author":"M Suter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suter M, Eichelberger P, Frangi J, Simonet E, Baur H, Schmid S. Measuring lumbar back motion during functional activities using a portable strain gauge sensor-based system: a comparative evaluation and reliability study. J. Biomech. 2020;100:109593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109593.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"5","key":"135_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z","volume":"10","author":"RB Davis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davis RB, \u00d5unpuu S, Tyburski D, Gage JR. A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique. Hum. Mov. 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Biomech."}],"container-title":["Archives of Physiotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40945-022-00135-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40945-022-00135-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40945-022-00135-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T10:57:17Z","timestamp":1745837837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.archivesofphysiotherapy.com\/index.php\/aop\/article\/view\/2791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40945-022-00135-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-0082"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-0082","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There was no data collected within the current study. However, the local ethics committee provided exemption for the previously conducted motion capture data collection (Kantonale Ethikkommission Bern, Req-2020-00364) and all participants provided written informed consent prior to collecting any personal or health related data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The individual displayed in Fig.  gave consent for publication of the respective images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The author declares that he has no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}