{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T07:32:03Z","timestamp":1786433523024,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chin Neurosurg Jl"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Agitation is a common complication after moderate to severe TBI and managing it in the acute hospital setting can be challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Currently, there are no standardised interventions to manage agitation in TBI. This review aims to evaluate contemporary research over the past 10 years which addresses pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for managing agitation post-TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review literature search was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was pre-registered on PROSPERO (ID 1295903). The literature search used Mesh and Boolean keywords \u2018traumatic brain injury and \u2018agitation management\u2019 in PubMed, and a free-text search of \u2018traumatic brain injury and agitation management\u2019 with \u2018map term to subject heading\u2019 in Embase (Ovid) and Cochrane, covering studies from 01 January 2015 to 09 March 2026. Findings were analysed and discussed between two reviewers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of\u00a065 studies were identified, and after careful review, 13 papers were selected from PubMed and Embase for our Scoping Review. Non-pharmacological strategies highlighted the importance of orienting the patient and the supportive role of family during the acute recovery period. Pharmacological strategies included found that the antipsychotic olanzapine was helpful in managing agitation in moderate to severe TBI. Valproic acid in a small male sample [1] and a separate study using dextromethorphan and quinidine [2] found that these medications were also helpful in managing agitation in TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion\u00a0and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians and health professionals reported that treating the patient holistically, with the medical,\u00a0social, and psychiatric history was of benefit. Antipsychotic Olanzapine and Valproic acid may have their uses in the short-term, interim acute setting under supervision. Future research with larger sample sizes further investigating these medications would be useful, along with personalisation of medications to the patient\u2019s medical history. Most of the studies included in the review are observational and reviews, rather than randomised controlled trials, with a lack of primary evidence which may be a limitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD 1295903<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41016-026-00445-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T07:16:33Z","timestamp":1786432593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scoping review of pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of agitation in post traumatic brain injury patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Irrum","family":"Aneela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Kadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekaran","family":"Kaliaperumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"445_CR1","unstructured":"Diaz-Segarra N, McKay O, Yonclas P. 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