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Functional characterization of newly identified variants was conducted using homology-based protein structural modeling, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Two variants within the highly conserved T-box DNA-binding domain were identified in five children: a synonymous variant c.576C\u2009&gt;\u2009T (p.Thr192Thr) and a missense variant c.577G\u2009&gt;\u2009A (p.Gly193Ser). Structural modeling predicted that the p.Gly193Ser substitution destabilized the TBX20 protein by altering its conformation and increasing its potential energy state. Functional assays demonstrated that this variant reduced TBX20 mRNA expression and significantly attenuated transactivation of the downstream target gene <jats:italic>ANF<\/jats:italic>. Bioinformatic analysis supported the deleterious functional impact of the p.Gly193Ser variant and its potential contribution to VSD pathogenesis. In contrast, the synonymous p.Thr192Thr variant was associated with increased transcriptional activity of TBX20 and enhanced regulation of <jats:italic>ANF<\/jats:italic>. qRT-PCR data indicated significantly reduced TBX20-G193S mRNA levels compared to wild-type (WT) when expressed independently (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), but elevated levels in the presence of GATA4 and NKX2-5 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Despite this, ANF transactivation remained significantly lower than WT, suggesting impaired functional capacity. These alterations may influence translational efficiency and contribute to abnormal cardiac septation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The findings underscore the involvement of TBX20 gene variants in the etiology of pediatric VSD and provide mechanistic insights that may inform future clinical research and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41065-025-00513-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T17:22:40Z","timestamp":1754328160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural and functional assessment of TBX20\u00a0gene variants in pediatric ventricular septal defect"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"513_CR1","unstructured":"Chen H, Ke Q, Weng G, et al. 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