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The fundamental radiochemical mechanisms governing the biodistribution of free\n                      <jats:sup>211<\/jats:sup>\n                      At remain insufficiently understood, limiting rational radiopharmaceutical design.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Comparative in vivo studies revealed that free\n                      <jats:sup>211<\/jats:sup>\n                      At and free iodine-131 (\n                      <jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>\n                      I) initially share similar distribution patterns but diverge markedly thereafter, with\n                      <jats:sup>211<\/jats:sup>\n                      At exhibiting pronounced accumulation in the stomach, lungs, liver, and spleen. Experimental speciation analyses demonstrated rapid oxidation of At\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      to cationic intermediates in biological environments, followed by hydrolysis and colloid formation. Ultrafiltration and chromatography confirmed the generation of macromolecular species responsible for hepatosplenic retention. Co-administration of ascorbic acid (AA) partially suppressed abnormal organ uptake, supporting a redox-dependent mechanism. Density functional theory (DFT)-based Pourbaix analysis further corroborated the thermodynamic instability of At\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      under physiological conditions and predicted the predominance of oxidized and hydrolyzed species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results identify redox-driven speciation and subsequent hydrolysis\/aggregation as key chemical processes contributing to the in vivo behavior of free\n                      <jats:sup>211<\/jats:sup>\n                      At. Understanding and controlling astatine redox chemistry is therefore critical for improving the stability, safety, and translational development of\n                      <jats:sup>211<\/jats:sup>\n                      At-based radiopharmaceuticals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41181-026-00441-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T15:48:44Z","timestamp":1774972124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Redox-driven speciation and colloid formation contribute the in vivo chemistry and organ deposition of Astatine-211"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxu","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mumei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengling","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huawei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingnuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"441_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2025.112061","volume":"225","author":"S Ansari-Chauveau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ansari-Chauveau S, Frelin A-M, De France G, Guertin A, Haddad F, Ledoux X, et al. 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