{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T17:48:33Z","timestamp":1746726513890,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci?ncia e Tecnologia de Doen?as Tropicais"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Med Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tungiasis is a ectopic skin disease caused by some species of fleas in the <jats:italic>Tunga<\/jats:italic> genus, most notably <jats:italic>T. penetrans<\/jats:italic>. The disease afflicts poor and marginalized communities in developing countries. Transmission of tungiasis comprises a complex web of factors including domesticated animals and wildlife. This research explores animal and environmental risk factors for tungiasis in an area adjacent to a wildlife reserve in Kwale, Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A two-stage complex sampling strategy was used. Households were selected from three areas in and around Kwale Town, Kenya, an area close to the Kenyan Coast. Households were listed as positive if at least one member had tungiasis. Each household was administered a questionnaire regarding tungiasis behaviors, domesticated animal assets, and wild animal species that frequent the peridomiciliary area. Associations of household tungiasis were tests with household and environmental variables using regression methods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study included 319 households. Of these, 41 (12.85%) were found to have at least one person who had signs of tungiasis. There were 295 (92.48%) households that possessed at least one species of domesticated animal. It was reported that wildlife regularly come into the vicinity of the home 90.59% of households. Presence of dogs around the home (OR 3.85; 95% CI 1.84; 8.11) and proximity to the park were associated with increased risk for tungiasis infestation in humans in a multivariate regression model.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Human tungiasis is a complex disease associated with domesticated and wild animals. Canines in particular appear to be important determinants of household level risk.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00338-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T09:02:56Z","timestamp":1625475776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Presence of dogs and proximity to a wildlife reserve increase household level risk of tungiasis in Kwale, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6621-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter S","family":"Larson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanobu","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mwatasa","family":"Changoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Moji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Minakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"338_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feldmeier H, Heukelbach J, Ugbomoiko U, Sentongo E, Mbabazi P, Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Tungiasis\u2014a neglected disease with many challenges for global public health. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003133.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003133"},{"key":"338_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heukelbach J, Oliveira F, Hesse G, Feldmeier H. Tungiasis: a neglected health problem of poor communities. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00716.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00716.x"},{"key":"338_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.214","volume":"67","author":"J Heukelbach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Eisele M, Feldmeier H. Ectopic localization of tungiasis. Am JTrop Med Hyg. 2002; 67:214\u2013216.","journal-title":"Am JTrop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"338_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3551-8","volume":"112","author":"K Karunamoorthi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karunamoorthi K. Tungiasis: a neglected epidermal parasitic skin disease of marginalized populations\u2014a call for global science and policy. Parasitol Res. 2013; 112(10):3635\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-013-3551-8.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"338_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feldmeier H, Sentongo E, Krantz I. Tungiasis (sand flea disease): a parasitic disease with particular challenges for public health. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-012-1725-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1725-4"},{"key":"338_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nsanzimana J, Karanja S, Kayongo M, Nyirimanzi N, Umuhoza H, Murangwa A, Muganga R, Musafili A. Factors associated with tungiasis among primary school children: a cross-sectional study in a rural district in rwanda. BMC Public Health. 2019;19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7481-y"},{"issue":"8","key":"338_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.030041","volume":"9","author":"H Feldmeier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Feldmeier H, Eisele M, Sab\u00f3ia-Moura R, Heukelbach J. Severe tungiasis in underprivileged communities: case series from brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9(8):949.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"338_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2011.05.007","volume":"41","author":"M Lefebvre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lefebvre M, Capito C, Durant C, Hervier B, Grossi O. Tungiasis: a poorly documented tropical dermatosis. M\u00e9decine et Maladies Infectieuses. 2011; 41(9):465.","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine et Maladies Infectieuses"},{"issue":"6","key":"338_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2013.10.001","volume":"11","author":"H Feldmeier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feldmeier H, Keysers A. Tungiasis - a janus-faced parasitic skin disease. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2013; 11(6):357.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"338_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisele M, Heukelbach J, Marck E, Mehlhorn H, Meckes O, Franck S. Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil: I. Natural history of tungiasis in man. Parasitol Res. 2003;90.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0817-y"},{"issue":"S2","key":"338_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0683-8","volume":"101","author":"N Nagy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nagy N, Abari E, D\u2019Haese J, Calheiros C, Heukelbach J, Mencke N, Feldmeier H, Mehlhorn H. Investigations on the life cycle and morphology of Tunga penetrans in Brazil. Parasitol Res. 2007; 101(S2):233\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-007-0683-8.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"338_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1179\/136485910X12743554759902","volume":"104","author":"P Linardi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Linardi P, Calheiros C, Campelo-Junior E, Duarte E, Heukelbach J, Feldmeier H. Occurrence of the off-host life stages of Tunga penetrans (Siphonaptera) in various environments in Brazil. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010; 104(4):337\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/136485910x12743554759902.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-112","volume":"14","author":"E Sentongo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sentongo E, Wabinga H. Tungiasis presenting as a soft tissue oral lesion. BMC Oral Health. 2014; 14(1):112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6831-14-112.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"338_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.02.2149","volume":"14","author":"V Maco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maco V, Maco C V, Gotuzzo E. Ectopic knee tungiasis and historical aspects in Peru. Int J Infect Dis. 2010; 14:299.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"338_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00960.x","volume":"39","author":"P Mac\u00edas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mac\u00edas P, Sashida P. Cutaneous infestation by Tunga penetrans. Int J Dermatol. 2000; 39(4):296\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00960.x.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"338_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1159\/000107508","volume":"221","author":"D Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo D, Bifuko A, Parys-Van Ginderdeuren R. Upper eyelid localisation of <i>Tunga penetrans<\/i>. Ophthalmol. 2007; 221(6):439\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000107508.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-112","volume":"14","author":"E Sentongo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sentongo E, Wabinga H. Tungiasis presenting as a soft tissue oral lesion. BMC oral health. 2014; 14(1):112.","journal-title":"BMC oral health"},{"issue":"7","key":"338_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00904.x","volume":"7","author":"H Feldmeier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Feldmeier H, Heukelbach J, Eisele M, Sousa A, Barbosa L, Carvalho C. Bacterial superinfection in human tungiasis. Trop Med Int Health. 2002; 7(7):559\u201364.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"338_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1689","volume":"94","author":"S Veraldi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Veraldi S, Dassoni F, Cuka E, Nazzaro G. Two cases of imported tungiasis with severe Staphylococcus aureus superinfection. Acta dermato-venereologica. 2014; 94(4):463.","journal-title":"Acta dermato-venereologica"},{"issue":"10","key":"338_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.11.006","volume":"100","author":"J Joseph","year":"2006","unstructured":"Joseph J, Bazile J, Mutter J, Shin S, Ruddle A, Ivers L, Lyon E, Farmer P. Tungiasis in rural Haiti: a community-based response. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006; 100(10):970.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"338_CR21","first-page":"319","volume":"5","author":"G Jiuseppe Benitivoglio","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jiuseppe Benitivoglio G, Edilson S, Jos\u00e9 TN. Chronic ulcers and myasis as ports of entry for Clostridium tetani. Braz J Infect Dis. 2001; 5:319.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"338_CR22","volume-title":"Dermatology","author":"J Bolognia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bolognia J, Jorizzo J, Schaffer J. Dermatology, Fourth edition. [Philadelphia]: Elsevier Saunders; 2018, pp. 1503\u20131515."},{"issue":"2","key":"338_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2020.01.004","volume":"24","author":"H Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller H, Trujillo-Trujillo J, Mutebi F, Feldmeier H. Efficacy and safety of dimeticones in the treatment of epidermal parasitic skin diseases with special emphasis on tungiasis: an evidence-based critical review. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020; 24(2):170\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjid.2020.01.004.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"338_CR24","first-page":"88","volume":"25","author":"C Mitchell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mitchell C, Stephany P. Infestation of Tunga penetrans in villages near Zomba Central Hospital. Malawi Med J J Med Assoc Malawi. 2013; 25(3):88.","journal-title":"Malawi Med J J Med Assoc Malawi"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003091","volume":"98","author":"S Schwalfenberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schwalfenberg S, Witt L, Kehr J, Feldmeier H, Heukelbach J. Prevention of tungiasis using a biological repellent: a small case series. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2004; 98(1):89\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/000349804225003091.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"338_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003058","volume":"8","author":"M Thielecke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thielecke M, Nordin P, Ngomi N, Feldmeier H. Treatment of tungiasis with dimeticone: a proof-of-principle study in rural Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; 8(7):3058.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.4.1.151","volume":"4","author":"J Heukelbach","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heukelbach J. Revision on tungiasis: treatment options and prevention. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2006; 4(1):151\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14787210.4.1.151.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"338_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002426","volume":"7","author":"M Thielecke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thielecke M, Raharimanga V, Rogier C, Stauss-Grabo M, Richard V, Feldmeier H. Prevention of tungiasis and tungiasis-associated morbidity using the plant-based repellent Zanzarin: a randomized, controlled field study in rural Madagascar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013; 7(9):2426.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"338_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.05.013","volume":"99","author":"H Feldmeier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Feldmeier H, Kehr J, Heukelbach J. A plant-based repellent protects against Tunga penetrans infestation and sand flea disease. Acta tropica. 2006; 99(2-3):126.","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/njpar.v28i1.37849","volume":"28","author":"U J Heukelbach","year":"2007","unstructured":"J Heukelbach U. Editorial: Tungiasis in the past and present: a dire need for intervention. Nigerian J Parasitol. 2007; 28(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Nigerian J Parasitol"},{"key":"338_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1127-z","volume":"13","author":"F Mutebi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mutebi F, Kr\u00fccken J, Feldmeier H, Waiswa C, Mencke N, Eneku W, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. High intensity of Tunga penetrans infection causing severe disease among pigs in Busoga, South Eastern Uganda. BMC Vet Res. 2017; 13:206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-017-1127-z.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"338_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14759","volume":"59","author":"S Coates","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coates S, Enbiale W, Davis M, Andersen L. The effects of climate change on human health in Africa, a dermatologic perspective: a report from the International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Committee. Int J Dermatol. 2020; 59(3):265\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.14759.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"338_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heukelbach J, Costa A, Wilcke T, Mencke N, Feldmeier H. The animal reservoirs of Tunga penetrans in severely affected communities of North East Brazil. Med Vet Entomol. 2004; 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.00532.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.00532.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"338_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0840-0","volume":"102","author":"D Pilger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pilger D, Schwalfenberg S, Heukelbach J, Witt L, Mehlhorn H, Mencke N, Khakban A, Feldmeier H. Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology, and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil: VII. The importance of animal reservoirs for human infestation. Parasitol Res. 2008; 102(5):875.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"338_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(60)90076-6","volume":"54","author":"G Walton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Walton G. A possible wild animal reservoir of the flea, Tunga penetrans (Linn.)Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1960; 54(3):279.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"338_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schott D, Ribeiro P, Souza V, Surita L, Amorim D, Bianchi M, Anicet M, Alievi M, Pavarini S, Carvalho R, Soares J. Clinical and pathological aspects of first report of Tunga penetrans infestation on southern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. J Med Primatol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jmp.12491.","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12491"},{"issue":"5","key":"338_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3036-1","volume":"111","author":"R Frank","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frank R, Melaun C, Martins M, Santos A, Heukelbach J, Klimpel S. Tunga penetrans and further parasites in the giant anteater. Parasitol Res. 2012; 111(5):1907.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"338_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.666","volume":"76","author":"L Witt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Witt L, Heukelbach J, Schwalfenberg S, Ribeiro R, Harms G, Feldmeier H. Infestation of wistar rats with tunga penetrans in different microenvironments. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007; 76(4):666.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"338_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2007.070352","volume":"38","author":"U Ugbomoiko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ugbomoiko U, Ariza L, Heukelbach J. Pigs are the most important animal reservoir for Tunga penetrans (jigger flea) in rural Nigeria. Trop Doct. 2008; 38(4):226\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/td.2007.070352.","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"3","key":"338_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000087","volume":"1","author":"U Ugbomoiko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ugbomoiko U, Ariza L, Ofoezie I, Heukelbach J. Risk factors for tungiasis in nigeria: identification of targets for effective intervention. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2007; 1(3):87.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1320-0","volume":"9","author":"F Mutebi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mutebi F, Kr\u00fccken J, Feldmeier H, Waiswa C, Mencke N, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Tungiasis-associated morbidity in pigs and dogs in endemic villages of Uganda. Parasites and Vectors. 2016; 9(1):44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1320-0.","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"338_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loft K, Nissen M. Tunga penetrans in a young dog imported to Denmark from Brazil; a case report. Vet Dermatol. 2009;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00765.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00765.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-016-0770-9","volume":"41","author":"C Krishna Murthy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krishna Murthy C, Ananda K, Adeppa J. Prevalence of ectoparasites in dogs of Shimoga, Karnataka. J Parasit Dis. 2017; 41(1):167\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12639-016-0770-9.","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"338_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1926-7","volume":"107","author":"S Klimpel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Klimpel S, Heukelbach J, Pothmann D, Ruckert S. Gastrointestinal and ectoparasites from urban stray dogs in Fortaleza. Parasitol Res. 2010; 107(3):713.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"S1","key":"338_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1454-z","volume":"97","author":"S Klimpel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klimpel S, Mehlhorn H, Heukelbach J, Feldmeier H, Mencke N. Field trial of the efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid and permethrin against Tunga penetrans (sand flea, jigger flea) in dogs in Brazil. Parasitol Res. 2005; 97(S1):113.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"338_CR46","first-page":"37","volume":"9","author":"N Nicholas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nicholas N, Peter W, Marion M, Liana A, Jorg H. Tungiasis (jigger infestation) in rural Kenya, an emerging infectious disease. Retrovirol. 2012; 9(Suppl 1):37.","journal-title":"Retrovirol"},{"issue":"6","key":"338_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06314-w","volume":"118","author":"T Harvey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harvey T, Heukelbach J, Assun\u00e7\u00e3o M, Fernandes T, Da Rocha C, Carlos R. Seasonal variation and persistence of tungiasis infestation in dogs in an endemic community, Bahia State (Brazil): longitudinal study. Parasitol Res. 2019; 118(6):1711\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-019-06314-w.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"338_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20110078","volume":"22","author":"S Kaneko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaneko S, K\u2019Opiyo J, Kiche I, Wanyua S, Goto K, Tanaka J, Changoma M, Ndemwa M, Komazawa O, Karama M, Moji K, Shimada M. Health and demographic surveillance system in the western and coastal areas of Kenya: an infrastructure for epidemiologic studies in Africa. J Epidemiol. 2012; 22(3):276\u201385.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"338_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.680","volume":"4","author":"H Mazigo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mazigo H, Behamana E, Zinga M, Heukelbach J. Tungiasis infestation in Tanzania. J Infect Dev countries. 2010; 4(3):187.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev countries"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR50","first-page":"115","volume":"38","author":"D Filmer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Filmer D, Pritchett L. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data-or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demogr. 2001; 38(1):115.","journal-title":"Demogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"338_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys122","volume":"41","author":"P Traissac","year":"2012","unstructured":"Traissac P, Martin-Prevel Y. Alternatives to principal components analysis to derive asset-based indices to measure socio-economic position in low- and middle-income countries: the case for multiple correspondence analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2012; 41(4):1207\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dys122.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"338_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i13","volume":"76","author":"J van Etten","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Etten J. R package gdistance: distances and routes on geographical grids. J Stat Softw. 2017; 76(13):1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v076.i13.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"338_CR53","unstructured":"World Resources Institute. Protected Areas in Kenya shapefile. 2016. https:\/\/datasets.wri.org\/dataset\/protected-areas-in-kenya. Accessed 19 Aug 2016."},{"key":"338_CR54","first-page":"15","volume":"127","author":"R Hijmans","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hijmans R, Guarino L, Cruz M, Rojas E. Computer tools for spatial analysis of plant genetic resources data: 1. diva-gis. Plant Genet Resour Newsl. 2001; 127:15\u20139.","journal-title":"Plant Genet Resour Newsl"},{"key":"338_CR55","unstructured":"Government of Kenya MinistryofHealth. Kenya master health facility list. 2020. http:\/\/kmhfl.health.go.ke\/."},{"key":"338_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akaike H. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle: Springer; 1998, pp. 199\u2013213.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1694-0_15"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-22","volume":"7","author":"F Dantas-Torres","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box. Parasites Vectors. 2014; 7(1):22.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"338_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3037-0","volume":"111","author":"J Heukelbach","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heukelbach J, Frank R, Ariza L, De Sousa Lopes I, De Assis E Silva A, Borges A, Limongi J, De Alencar C, Klimpel S. High prevalence of intestinal infections and ectoparasites in dogs, Minas Gerais State (southeast Brazil). Parasitol Res. 2012; 111(5):1913\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-012-3037-0.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"338_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa RdS, Araujo JASd, Leite J, Silva Filho LEd, Silva NMd. Tungiasis in dogs residing in the Community Nossa Senhora in the Livramento, Sustainable Development Reserve Tup\u00e9, Amazonas. Revista brasileira de higiene e sanidade animal. 2014; 8(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/1981-2965.20140135.","DOI":"10.5935\/1981-2965.20140135"},{"issue":"2","key":"338_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v30i2.185","volume":"30","author":"H Miller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller H, Rodr\u00edguez G. Tungiasis in native Amerindians in Vaup\u00e9s province: epidemiology, clinical aspects, treatment, and prevention. Biom\u00e9dica. 2010; 30(2):215\u201337.","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"338_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.003","volume":"177","author":"F Mutebi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mutebi F, Kr\u00fccken J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Waiswa C, Mencke N, Eneku W, Andrew T, Feldmeier H. Animal and human tungiasis-related knowledge and treatment practices among animal keeping households in Bugiri District, South-Eastern Uganda. Acta tropica. 2018; 177:81\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.003.","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"Part A","key":"338_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.02.009","volume":"139","author":"T Harvey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harvey T, Heukelbach J, Assun\u00e7\u00e3o M, Fernandes T, da Rocha C, Carlos R. Canine tungiasis: high prevalence in a tourist region in Bahia State, brazil. Prev Vet Med. 2017; 139(Part A):76\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.02.009.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"338_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.100542","volume":"17","author":"V Maco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maco V, Tantale\u00e1n M, Gotuzzo E. Evidence of tungiasis in pre-hispanic America. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011; 17(5):855.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"338_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-016-0770-9","volume":"41","author":"C Krishna Murthy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krishna Murthy C, Ananda K, Adeppa J. Prevalence of ectoparasites in dogs of Shimoga, Karnataka. J Parasit Dis. 2017; 41(1):167\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12639-016-0770-9.","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"338_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.145","volume":"72","author":"J Heukelbach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Harms G, Feldmeier H. Seasonal variation of tungiasis in an endemic community. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005; 72(2):145\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.145.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00338-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00338-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00338-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T09:12:07Z","timestamp":1625476327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00338-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00338-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1349-4147"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1349-4147"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was given by The Ethical Review Committee of the School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health at Nagasaki University (No.24). Additionally, the Public Research Program and Center at KEMRI approved this research under the ongoing project \u201cHealth and Demographic Surveillance Systems in Kwale,\u201d SSC No. 1088. It has also been approved by The Scientific and Ethical Committees of Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Institutional Review Board of the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (IRB # 06060604) since 18 October 2016.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent to have this work published.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"54"}}