{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T04:29:23Z","timestamp":1788064163305,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"AESA-RISE postdoctoral fellowship (ARPDF-18-06) implemented by the African Academy of Sciences (AAS) through from the Carnegie Corporation of New York","award":["ARPDF-18-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARPDF-18-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Med Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Rural populations in Uganda rely heavily on medicinal plants for the treatment of bacterial skin infections. However, the efficacy of these medicinal plants for their pharmacological action is not known. The study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial, antioxidant, and sun protection potential of <jats:italic>Spermacoce princeae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Psorospermum febrifugum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Plectranthus caespitosus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Erlangea tomentosa<\/jats:italic> extracts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The plant samples were extracted by maceration sequentially using hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and distilled water. Antibacterial activity of each extract was carried out using an agar well diffusion assay against <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonie<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>and Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic>. Acute dermal toxicity of the aqueous extract of <jats:italic>S. princeae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. febrifugum<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>E. tomentosa<\/jats:italic> was assessed in young adult healthy Wistar albino rats at a dose of 8000 and 10,000 mg\/kg body weight. The antioxidant activity of each extract was carried out using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The sun protection factor was determined using Shimadzu UltraViolet-Visible double beam spectrophotometer between 290 and 320 nm.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The plant extracts showed good antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 3.12 and 12.5 mg\/ml. There was no significant change in the levels of creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase in the rats even at a higher dose of 10,000 mg\/kg, which was related to the results of biochemical analysis of the blood samples from the treated and control groups. The aqueous and methanol extracts of <jats:italic>S. princeae<\/jats:italic> showed potential antioxidant properties, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) values of 59.82 and 61.20 \u03bcg\/ml respectively. The organic and aqueous extracts of <jats:italic>P. caespitosus<\/jats:italic> showed high levels of protection against Ultraviolet light with sun protection potential values ranging between 30.67 and 37.84.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study demonstrated that the selected medicinal plants possessed good antibacterial, antioxidant, and sun protection properties. Therefore, the plants are alternative sources of antibacterial, antioxidant, and sun protection agents in managing bacterial skin infections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00342-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T21:02:22Z","timestamp":1623790942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Antibacterial, antioxidant, and sun protection potential of selected ethno medicinal plants used for skin infections in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Jane","family":"Namukobe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2895-6421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Sekandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Byamukama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Murungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Nambooze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeremiah","family":"Ekyibetenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine Betty","family":"Nagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savina","family":"Asiimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12294","volume":"59","author":"A Abedini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abedini A, Roumy V, Mahieux S, Gohari A, Farimani MM, Rivi\u00e8re C, et al. Antimicrobial activity of selected Iranian medicinal plants against a broad spectrum of pathogenic and drug multiresistant micro-organisms. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2014;59(4):412\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lam.12294.","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"342_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5455\/wvj.20150853","volume":"5","author":"F Adzitey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adzitey F. Antibiotic classes and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from selected poultry; a mini review. Worlds Vet J. 2015;5:36\u201341.","journal-title":"Worlds Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"342_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.09.017","volume":"150","author":"S Asiimwe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asiimwe S, Kamatenesi-Mugisha M, Namutebi A, Borg-Karlsson AK, Musiimenta P. Ethnobotanical study of nutri-medicinal plants used for the management of HIV\/AIDS opportunistic ailments among the local communities of western Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;150(2):639\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2013.09.017.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"342_CR4","unstructured":"Asogwa FC, Okoye COB. Anti\u2013 psoriatic activity of Psorospermum febrifugum stem bark extract using the rat\u2013dinitrofluorobenzene induced model.\u00a0Int J Sci Eng Sci. 2019;3:1\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"342_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtusci.2014.11.001","volume":"9","author":"SA Baba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baba SA, Malik SA. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2015;9(4):449\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtusci.2014.11.001.","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"342_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581813489996","volume":"32","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Chattopadhyay P, Ghosh A, Pathak MP, Singh S, Veer V. Acute dermal irritation, sensitization, and acute toxicity studies of a transdermal patch for prophylaxis against (\u00b1) anatoxin-A poisoning. Int J Toxicol. 2013;32(4):308\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1091581813489996.","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"issue":"s1","key":"342_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2007.00731.x","volume":"45","author":"G Bbosa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bbosa G, Ogwal-okeng J, Bbosa GS, Kyegombe DB, Odyek O. Antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica (L.). Afr J Ecol. 2007;45(s1):13\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2007.00731.x.","journal-title":"Afr J Ecol"},{"key":"342_CR8","first-page":"11","volume":"8","author":"RN Chand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chand RN, Gopalan RD, Christi K, Chand RN, Gopalan RD, Christi K. Evaluation of antioxidant properties in thirteen Fijian medicinal plants used in Alzheimer\u2019s. Dis Relat Illn. 2018;8:11\u20137.","journal-title":"Dis Relat Illn"},{"issue":"5","key":"342_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002","volume":"26","author":"TPT Cushnie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cushnie TPT, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;26(5):343\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"3","key":"342_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.09.035","volume":"96","author":"HJ De Boer","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Boer HJ, Kool A, Broberg A, Mziray WR, Hedberg I, Levenfors JJ. Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity of some herbal remedies from Tanzania. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;96(3):461\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2004.09.035.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"342_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.11.001","volume":"22","author":"QD Do","year":"2014","unstructured":"Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, Huynh LH, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S, et al. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. J Food Drug Anal. 2014;22(3):296\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.11.001.","journal-title":"J Food Drug Anal"},{"key":"342_CR12","first-page":"381","volume":"40","author":"EA Dutra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dutra EA, Da-Costa Oliveira DG, Kedor-Hackmann ERM, Miritello Santoro MIR. Determination of sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Razilian J Pharm Sci. 2004;40:381\u20135.","journal-title":"Razilian J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"30","key":"342_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2012.30.2","volume":"4","author":"SS El-Hawary","year":"2012","unstructured":"El-Hawary SS, El-Sofany RH, Abdel-Monem AR, Ashour RS. Phytochemical screening, DNA fingerprinting, and nutritional value of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) spreng. Pharm J. 2012;4(30):10\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5530\/pj.2012.30.2.","journal-title":"Pharm J"},{"key":"342_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/BJPR\/2016\/27984","volume":"12","author":"T Elufioye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elufioye T, Bamgbose M, Alabi S. Evaluation of antioxidant and antiacne activity of Psorospermum febrifugum (Spach) and Psorospermum corymbiferum (Hochr.). Br J Pharma Res. 2016;12:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Br J Pharma Res"},{"key":"342_CR15","first-page":"369","volume":"26","author":"Q Gao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gao Q, Zhao X, Yin L, Zhang Y, Wang B, Wu X, et al. The essential oil of Artemisia capillaris protects against CCl4-induced liver injury in vivo. Rev Bras. 2016;26:369\u201374.","journal-title":"Rev Bras"},{"key":"342_CR16","unstructured":"Himesh S, Nanda S, Singhai AK, Jitender M. Radical scavenging activities and natural indicator activity of Aqueous and ethanolic extract of Rosa damascene. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4:581\u20136."},{"key":"342_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00239","volume":"7","author":"MM Hossain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hossain MM, Polash SA, Takikawa M, Shubhra RD, Saha T, Islam Z, et al. Investigation of the antibacterial activity and in vivo cytotoxicity of biogenic silver nanoparticles as potent therapeutics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019;7:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"342_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2010.00547.x","volume":"32","author":"SK Jain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jain SK, Jain NK. Multiparticulate carriers for sun-screening agents. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2010;32(2):89\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2010.00547.x.","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"342_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.60586","volume":"2","author":"CD Kaur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaur CD, Saraf S. In vitro sun protection factor determination of herbal oils used in cosmetics. Pharm Res. 2010;2(1):22\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-8490.60586.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"342_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz002","volume":"68","author":"K Kaye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaye K, Petty L, Shorr A, Zilberberg M. Current epidemiology, etiology and burden of acute skin infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:193\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"342_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3109\/10715761003667554","volume":"44","author":"GY Liou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liou GY, Storz P. Reactive oxygen species in cancer. Free Radic Res. 2010;44(5):479\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10715761003667554.","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"342_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00797.x","volume":"17","author":"A Marzano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marzano A, Mercogliano M, Borghi A, Facchetti M, Caputo R. Cutaneous infection caused by Salmonella typhi. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17(5):575\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00797.x.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"342_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtusci.2014.01.003","volume":"8","author":"F Medini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Medini F, Fellah H, Ksouri R, Abdelly C. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of organic extracts of shoots of the plant Limonium delicatulum. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2014;8(3):216\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtusci.2014.01.003.","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"342_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.06.005","volume":"23","author":"DP Mohanty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohanty DP, Mohapatra S, Misra S, Sahu PS. Milk derived bioactive peptides and their impact on human health\u2013a review. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2016;23(5):577\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.06.005.","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"342_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4314\/jpb.v17i1.4","volume":"17","author":"I Muhwana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muhwana I, Obakiro SB, Ibanda I, Crucifix PG, Afodun AM, Odoma S. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous leaf extract of Erlangea tomentosa (Asteraceae) in rats and mice. J Pharm Bioresour. 2020;17(1):19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/jpb.v17i1.4.","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioresour"},{"issue":"6","key":"342_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2014-0283","volume":"69","author":"CB Nagawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagawa CB, B\u00f6hmdorfer S, Rosenau T. Chemical composition of volatiles extracted from indigenous tree species of Uganda: composition of bark extracts from Psorospermum febrifugum and Milicia excels. Holzforschung. 2015;69(6):815\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/hf-2014-0283.","journal-title":"Holzforschung."},{"issue":"1","key":"342_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.04.044","volume":"136","author":"J Namukobe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Namukobe J, Kasenene JM, Kiremire BT, Byamukama R, Kamatenesi-Mugisha M, Krief S, et al. Traditional plants used for medicinal purposes by local communities around the Northern sector of Kibale National Park, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;136(1):236\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2011.04.044.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"342_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.9734\/ejmp\/2021\/v32i230367","volume":"32","author":"J Namukobe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Namukobe J, Lutaaya A, Asiimwe S, Byamukama R. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of dermatological disorders in Buyende and Kayunga Districts, Uganda. Eur J Med Plants. 2021;32:15\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Plants"},{"key":"342_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-1-5","volume":"1","author":"E Novo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Novo E, Parola M. Redox mechanisms in hepatic chronic wound healing and fibrogenesis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair. 2008;1:1\u201358.","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"342_CR30","first-page":"123","volume":"7","author":"A Ntemafack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ntemafack A, Gatsing D, Chegaing FSP, Magnifouet HN. Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous leaf extract of Spermacoce princeae (Rubiaceae): a traditional antibacterial preparation. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2015;7:123\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"342_CR31","first-page":"591","volume":"7","author":"JO Nyaboke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nyaboke JO, Onyancha MJ, Odhiambo Onyuka JO, Ogembo GP, Wambugy MC. Phytochemical studies of Acmella caulirhiza and Spermacoce princeae used by postpartum mothers in Nyamira. Int J Sci Res Publ. 2017;7:591\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res Publ"},{"key":"342_CR32","unstructured":"Onwuliri AE. Antimicrobial and wound healing properties of leaf extracts, fractions and ointment formulations of Spermacoce verticillata Linn (family: Rubiaceae). Thesis. 2016."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"342_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.007","volume":"92","author":"K Saha","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saha K, Lajis NH, Israf DA, Hamzah AS, Khozirah S, Khamis S, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of selected Malaysian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;92(2-3):263\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.007.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"342_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962011000300013","volume":"86","author":"S Schalka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schalka S, dos Reis VMS. Sun protection factor: meaning and controversies. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(3):507\u201350715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0365-05962011000300013.","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"342_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.04.012","volume":"41","author":"M Sfeir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sfeir M, Youssef P, Mokhbat JE. Salmonella typhi sternal wound infection. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41:123\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"342_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v9i3.2604","volume":"9","author":"D Sivaranjani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sivaranjani D, Saranraj P, Manigandan M, Amala K. Antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus amboinicus solvent extracts against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2019;9(3):36\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22270\/jddt.v9i3.2604.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"342_CR37","first-page":"119","volume":"66","author":"DL Stulberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stulberg DL, Penrod MA, Blatny RA. Common bacterial skin infections. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66(1):119\u201324.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"342_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.21577\/1984-6835.20170090","volume":"9","author":"T Teixeira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Teixeira T, Vale R, Almeida R, Ferreira T, Guimar\u00e3es L. Antioxidant potential and its correlation with the contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids of methanolic extracts from different medicinal plants. Rev Virtual Quim. 2017;9:1546\u201359.","journal-title":"Rev Virtual Quim"},{"key":"342_CR39","first-page":"183","volume":"30","author":"MVC Terto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Terto MVC, Gomes JM, Ara\u00fajo DIA, Silva TS, Ferreira JM, Souza JJN, et al. Photoprotective activity of Plectranthus amboinicus extracts and HPLC quantification of rosmarinic acid. Rev Bras. 2020;30:183\u20138.","journal-title":"Rev Bras"},{"key":"342_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-015-0077-4","volume":"12","author":"P Tugume","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tugume P, Kakudidi EK, Buyinza M, Namaalwa J, Kamatenesi M, Mucunguzi P, et al. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plant species used by communities around Mabira Central Forest Reserve, Uganda. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016;12:1\u201328.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"342_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2017.10.005","volume":"13","author":"J Vora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vora J, Srivastava A, Modi H. Antibacterial and antioxidant strategies for acne treatment through plant extracts. Inform Med Unlocked. 2018;13:128\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imu.2017.10.005.","journal-title":"Inform Med Unlocked"},{"key":"342_CR42","first-page":"151","volume":"7","author":"SR Zorica","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zorica SR, Dimitrijevic M, Stankovic N, Aleksic A, Pejcic M. Frequency of isolation and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from wound infections. Biol Nyssana. 2016;7:151\u20138.","journal-title":"Biol Nyssana"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00342-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00342-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00342-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T21:06:18Z","timestamp":1623791178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00342-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-021-00342-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1349-4147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1349-4147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors gave their consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"49"}}