{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T06:31:54Z","timestamp":1794378714831,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Med Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CNS manifestations represent an emerging facet of NTM infection with significant mortality. Due to protean presentation and low index of suspicion, many cases are often treated erroneously as tubercular meningitis or fungal infections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Literature on NTM CNS disease is scarce, with most available data on pulmonary disease. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and predictors of outcome in CNS NTM infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The literature search was performed in major electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus) using keywords \u201cCNS,\u201d \u201cCentral nervous system,\u201d \u201cbrain abscess,\u201d \u201cmeningitis,\u201d \u201cspinal,\u201d \u201cNontuberculous mycobacteria,\u201d \u201cNTM\u201d. All cases of CNS NTM infection reported between January 1980 and December 2022 were included.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 77 studies (112 cases) were included in the final analysis. The mean age of all patients was 38\u00a0years, with most patients male (62.5%).\u00a0<jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium complex<\/jats:italic>\u00a0(MAC) was the most common aetiology, followed by\u00a0<jats:italic>M. fortuitum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and\u00a0<jats:italic>M. abscessus<\/jats:italic>\u00a0(34.8%, 21.4% and 15.2%, respectively). The disseminated disease was found in 33% of cases. HIV (33.9%) and neurosurgical hardware (22.3%) were the common risk factors. Intracranial abscess (36.6%) and leptomeningeal enhancement (28%) were the most prevalent findings in neuroimaging. The overall case fatality rate was 37.5%. On multivariate analysis, male gender (adjusted OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2\u20137.9) and HIV (adjusted OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.8\u20136.1) were the independent predictors of mortality).\u00a0<jats:italic>M. fortuitum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0infection was significantly associated with increased survival (adjusted OR 0.18, 95% CI (0.08\u20130.45), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value 0.012).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Current evidence shows the emerging role of rapid-grower NTM in CNS disease. Male gender and HIV positivity were associated with significant mortality, while\u00a0<jats:italic>M fortuitum<\/jats:italic>\u00a0carries favourable outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00546-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T09:02:00Z","timestamp":1695632520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and predictors of outcome in nontuberculous mycobacterial central nervous system infection: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9524-5278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Durga Shankar","family":"Meena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasudha","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopal Krishana","family":"Bohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vibhor","family":"Tak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahendra Kumar","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.319-354.2003","volume":"16","author":"E Tortoli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tortoli E. Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:319\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"546_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01287-16","volume":"55","author":"BA Forbes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forbes BA. Mycobacterial taxonomy. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:380\u20133.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"546_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3000-3011.2004","volume":"42","author":"A McNabb","year":"2004","unstructured":"McNabb A, Eisler D, Adie K, Amos M, Rodrigues M, Stephens G, et al. Assessment of partial sequencing of the 65-kilodalton heat shock protein gene (hsp65) for routine identification of Mycobacterium species isolated from clinical sources. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3000\u201311.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"546_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0973","volume":"104","author":"CH Chiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiang CH, Tang PU, Lee GH, Chiang TH, Chiang CH, Ma KS, et al. Prevalence of nontuberculous Mycobacterium infections versus tuberculosis among autopsied HIV patients in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;104:628\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"546_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2022.12.002","volume":"61","author":"M Matsuyama","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matsuyama M, Matsumura S, Nonaka M, Nakajima M, Sakai C, Arai N, et al. Pathophysiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease. Respir Investig. 2023;61:135\u201348.","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"546_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201804-236OC","volume":"17","author":"KL Winthrop","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winthrop KL, Marras TK, Adjemian J, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Q. Incidence and prevalence of nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease in a Large U.S. Managed Care Health Plan, 2008\u20132015. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17:178\u201385.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"546_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.6.1266","volume":"23","author":"A Flor","year":"1996","unstructured":"Flor A, Capdevila JA, Martin N, Gavald\u00e0 J, Pahissa A. Nontuberculous mycobacterial meningitis: report of two cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:1266\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"546_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70127-0","volume":"8","author":"NJ Talati","year":"2008","unstructured":"Talati NJ, Rouphael N, Kuppalli K, Franco-Paredes C. Spectrum of CNS disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:390\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"546_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.04.001","volume":"23","author":"ML Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu ML, Aziz DB, Dartois V, Dick T. NTM drug discovery: status, gaps and the way forward. Drug Discov Today. 2018;23:1502\u201319.","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"546_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"546_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moola S, Munn Z,\u00a0Tufanaru C, Aromataris E,\u00a0Sears K, Sfetcu R, et al. Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (Editors). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46658\/JBIMES-20-08.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-20-08"},{"key":"546_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.12.033","volume":"46","author":"YC Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee YC, Lu CL, Lai CC, Tseng YT, Sun HY, Hung CC. Mycobacterium avium complex infection-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome of the central nervous system in an HIV-infected patient: case report and review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2013;46:68\u201372.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"546_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.02.009","volume":"351","author":"A Baidya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baidya A, Tripathi M, Pandey P, Singh UB. Mycobacterium abscessus as a cause of chronic meningitis: a rare clinical entity. Am J Med Sci. 2016;351:437\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"546_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2509.190430","volume":"25","author":"P Nookeu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nookeu P, Angkasekwinai N, Foongladda S, Phoompoung P. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes for patients infected with Mycobacterium haemophilum. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:1648\u201352.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"546_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006061","volume":"31","author":"A Abu-Ghname","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abu-Ghname A, Davis MJ, Davies LW, Whitehead WE, Buchanan EP. Pediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection: the role of shunt tract debridement in Mycobacterium abscessus eradication. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31:278\u201382.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"546_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.837-840.2006","volume":"44","author":"T Ad\u00e9kambi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ad\u00e9kambi T, Foucault C, La Scola B, Drancourt M. Report of two fatal cases of Mycobacterium mucogenicum central nervous system infection in immunocompetent patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(3):837\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"546_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.04.004","volume":"27","author":"S Salmanzadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salmanzadeh S, Honarvar N, Goodarzi H, Khosravi AD, Nashibi R, Serajian AA, et al. Chronic mycobacterial meningitis due to Mycobacterium chelonae: a case report. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;27:67\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"546_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0000000000000428","volume":"25","author":"NM Salas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salas NM, Klein N. Mycobacterium goodii: an emerging nosocomial pathogen: a case report and review of the literature. Infect Dis Clin Pract (Baltim Md). 2017;25:62\u20135.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Pract (Baltim Md)"},{"key":"546_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00402-15","volume":"53","author":"AL Greninger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greninger AL, Langelier C, Cunningham G, Keh C, Melgar M, Chiu CY, et al. Two rapidly growing mycobacterial species isolated from a brain abscess: first whole-genome sequences of Mycobacterium immunogenum and Mycobacterium llatzerense. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:2374\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"546_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00937-2","volume":"8","author":"S Leskinen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leskinen S, Flowers X, Thoene K, Uhlemann AC, Goldman JE, Hickman RA. Meningomyeloencephalitis secondary to Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in AIDS. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2020;8:73.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"546_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3335-5","volume":"159","author":"DC Moritz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moritz DC, Harrington AT, Slavin K, Gomez C, Jarrett OD. Deep brain stimulator infection by a novel rapid growing mycobacterium. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159:2239\u201341.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"546_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-6205(03)90008-2","volume":"14","author":"I Marie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marie I, H\u00e9ron F, Lecomte F, Jarlier V, Truffot-Pernot C, Laquerriere A, et al. Multiple cerebral abscesses as a complication of Mycobacterium fortuitum infection. Eur J Intern Med. 2003;14:386\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"546_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1141-5","volume":"46","author":"F Giovannenze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giovannenze F, Stifano V, Scoppettuolo G, Damiano F, Pallavicini F, Delogu G, et al. Incidental intraoperative diagnosis of Mycobacterium abscessus meningeal infection: a case report and review of the literature. Infection. 2018;46:591\u20137.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"546_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414535750","volume":"26","author":"A Buppajarntham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buppajarntham A, Apisarnthanarak A, Rutjanawech S, Khawcharoenporn T. Central nervous system infection due to Mycobacterium haemophilum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Int J STD AIDS. 2015;26:288\u201390.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"546_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0b013e318142cbae","volume":"16","author":"CS Uche","year":"2008","unstructured":"Uche CS, Silibovsky R, Jungkind D, Measley R. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt-associated Mycobacterium goodii infection. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2008;16:129\u201330.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Pract"},{"key":"546_CR26","volume":"19","author":"S Kon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kon S, Franco-Paredes C, Hawkins KL. Intramedullary spinal cord lesions in an immunocompromised host due to Mycobacterium haemophilum. IDCases. 2019;19: e00674.","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"546_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.11.010","volume":"12","author":"P Phowthongkum","year":"2008","unstructured":"Phowthongkum P, Puengchitprapai A, Udomsantisook N, Tumwasorn S, Suankratay C. Spindle cell pseudotumor of the brain associated with Mycobacterium haemophilum and Mycobacterium simiae mixed infection in a patient with AIDS: the first case report. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12:421\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"546_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-6-277","volume":"6","author":"C Colomba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Colomba C, Rubino R, Di Carlo P, Mammina C, Bonura C, Siracusa L, et al. Probable disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies bolletii infection in a patient with idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012;6:277.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"546_CR29","first-page":"276","volume":"28","author":"CA Sariol","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sariol CA, Galib Y, Pantoja P, Col\u00f3n L, Gonz\u00e1lez A, Tormos LM, et al. Fatal granulomatous meningoencephalitis associated to mycobacterium mucogenicum-like microorganism: a case report. P R Health Sci J. 2009;28:276\u201380.","journal-title":"P R Health Sci J"},{"key":"546_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13808","volume":"28","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhang L, Li C, Zou X, Zeng Y, Hu Z, et al. A rare case of Mycobacterium Chelonae infection in an immunocompromised adult with cavernous sinus syndrome. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022;28:796\u20139.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"546_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)34193-1","volume":"43","author":"EH Runyon","year":"1959","unstructured":"Runyon EH. Anonymous mycobacteria in pulmonary disease. Med Clin North Am. 1959;43:273\u201390.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"546_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0901-z","volume":"19","author":"SC Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park SC, Kang MJ, Han CH, Lee SM, Kim CJ, Lee JM, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in Korea: a nationwide population-based study. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19:140.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"546_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.06.008","volume":"5","author":"J Umrao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Umrao J, Singh D, Zia A, Saxena S, Sarsaiya S, Singh S, et al. Prevalence and species spectrum of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates at a tertiary care center. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2016;5:288\u201393.","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"546_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr420","volume":"67","author":"MR Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee MR, Cheng A, Lee YC, Yang CY, Lai CC, Huang YT, et al. CNS infections caused by Mycobacterium abscessus complex: clinical features and antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:222\u20135.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"546_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.081259","volume":"15","author":"C Piersimoni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Piersimoni C, Scarparo C. Extrapulmonary infections associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent persons. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1351\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"546_CR36","first-page":"9","volume":"22","author":"JP Marochi-Telles","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marochi-Telles JP, Muniz R Jr, Sztajnbok J, Cosme-de OA. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium on HIV\/AIDS: historical and current literature review. AIDS Rev. 2020;22:9\u201315.","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"546_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0261","volume":"24","author":"J Koirala","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koirala J, Adamski A, Koch L, Stueber D, El-Azizi M, Khardori NM, et al. Interferon-gamma receptors in HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008;24:1097\u2013102.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"546_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090310","volume":"15","author":"KL Winthrop","year":"2009","unstructured":"Winthrop KL, Chang E, Yamashita S, Iademarco MF, LoBue PA. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1556\u201361.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"546_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.04.002","volume":"51","author":"DS Meena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meena DS, Kumar D, Bohra GK, Kumar G. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment outcome of CNS aspergillosis: a systematic review of 235 cases. Infect Dis Now. 2021;51:654\u201360.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Now"},{"key":"546_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrid.2017.07.001","volume":"5","author":"LM Kwon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwon LM, Kim ES, Lee K, Lee Y, Song JH. Nontuberculous mycobacterial meningoencephalitis in a young healthy adult: a case report and literature review. Radiol Infect Dis. 2018;5:85\u201390.","journal-title":"Radiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"546_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210927","volume":"72","author":"CS Haworth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haworth CS, Banks J, Capstick T, Fisher AJ, Gorsuch T, Laurenson IF, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). Thorax. 2017;72:ii1\u201364.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"546_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2016.79.2.74","volume":"79","author":"YJ Ryu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ryu YJ, Koh WJ, Daley CL. Diagnosis and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease: Clinicians\u2019 perspectives. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2016;79:74\u201384.","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"issue":"13","key":"546_CR43","volume":"1","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang F, Yang C, Luo F. Central nervous system infection caused by Mycobacterium houstonense: a case report. Front Neurol. 2022;1(13): 908086.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"546_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.12.011","volume":"94","author":"JA Shulha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shulha JA, Escalante P, Wilson JW. Pharmacotherapy approaches in nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94:1567\u201381.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"546_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","volume":"175","author":"DE Griffith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F, ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America, et al. An official ATS\/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:367\u2013416.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"546_CR46","volume":"2015","author":"W Nie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nie W, Duan H, Huang H, Lu Y, Chu N. Species identification and clarithromycin susceptibility testing of 278 clinical nontuberculosis mycobacteria isolates. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015: 506598.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"546_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115882","volume":"105","author":"JJ Hunkins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hunkins JJ, de Moura VC, Eddy JJ, Daley CL, Khare R. In vitro susceptibility patterns for rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria in the United States. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2023;105:115882.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"546_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91757-4","volume":"11","author":"K Kamada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamada K, Yoshida A, Iguchi S, Arai Y, Uzawa Y, Konno S, et al. Nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of 509 rapidly growing mycobacteria strains isolated from clinical specimens in Japan. Sci Rep. 2021;11:12208.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"546_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21702","volume":"28","author":"SH Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee SH, Yoo HK, Kim SH, Koh WJ, Kim CK, Park YK, et al. Detection and assessment of clarithromycin inducible resistant strains among Korean Mycobacterium abscessus clinical strains: PCR methods. J Clin Lab Anal. 2014;28:409\u201314.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"546_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.05.002","volume":"119","author":"WC Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang WC, Yu MC, Huang YW. Identification and drug susceptibility testing for nontuberculous mycobacteria. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(Suppl 1):S32\u201341.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"546_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900798","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00798-2019","volume":"55","author":"BW Jhun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jhun BW, Moon SM, Jeon K, Kwon OJ, Yoo H, Carriere KC, et al. Prognostic factors associated with long-term mortality in 1445 patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a 15-year follow-up study. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:1900798.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"546_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87082-5","volume":"11","author":"MS Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang MS, Zhao M, Liu XJ. Risk factors for poor outcome in childhood tuberculous meningitis. Sci Rep. 2021;11:8654.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"546_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2140-8","volume":"22","author":"M Cantier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cantier M, Morisot A, Gu\u00e9rot E, Megarbane B, Razazi K, Contou D, ENCEPHALITICA study group, et al. Functional outcomes in adults with tuberculous meningitis admitted to the ICU: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care. 2018;22:210.","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-023-00546-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41182-023-00546-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-023-00546-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T22:08:57Z","timestamp":1700345337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41182-023-00546-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-023-00546-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1349-4147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1349-4147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This manuscript is a systematic review and does not require ethics clearance from the institutional review board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"54"}}