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Helminth and Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) co-infections cause anemia in pregnant women. This study assessed the prevalence of subclinical malaria and co-infections among pregnant women, and its association with adverse outcomes of pregnancy in the presence of infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in 12 villages in two townships in Myanmar between 2013 to 2015. A total of 752 pregnant women, with a mean age of 27\u00a0years, were enrolled and followed up once a month until six weeks after childbirth. Prevalence ratio was calculated in the multivariable analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of subclinical malaria as measured by nested PCR was 5.7% for either <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, 2.7% prevalence of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> and 2.8% prevalence of <jats:italic>P. vivax.<\/jats:italic> Helminth infections were prevalent in 17% of women, and one woman with an HIV infection was found in our study. The burden of anemia was high, with an overall prevalence of 37% with or without helminth infection, 42% of the women were malaria positive and 43% had dual infections (both malaria and helminth). Only 11 abnormal pregnancy outcomes (7 stillbirths, 2 premature, 2 twins) were identified. Poisson regression showed that women in their first trimester had a 2.9 times higher rate of subclinical malaria compared to women in the third trimester (PR:2.9, 95%CI 1.19, 7.31, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019), women who were enrolled during the wet season were 2.5 times more likely to be malaria positive than the women enrolled in the dry season (PR: 2.5, 95%CI 1.27, 4.88, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008), and the malaria positivity rate decreased by 5% when increased in one year of woman\u2019s age (PR:0.95, 95%CI 0.91, 0.99, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). In the multivariable regression, the age of respondents was the only significant factor associated with subclinical malaria in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A comprehensive approach of integrating interventions for malaria, anemia, and helminths should be delivered during antenatal care services for pregnant women in rural areas of Myanmar.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-024-00577-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T06:29:44Z","timestamp":1709879384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Heterogeneity in the prevalence of subclinical malaria, other co-infections and anemia among pregnant women in rural areas of Myanmar: a community-based longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9404-4423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poe Poe","family":"Aung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kay Thwe","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regien","family":"Biesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaw Win","family":"Thein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thura","family":"Htay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaw","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyin Hla","family":"Aye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"577_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30875\/6c551ba0-en","volume-title":"World malaria report 2021","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all pregnant women enrolled in the study. Guardians consent was taken for those who were minors (aged\u2009<\u200918\u00a0years). Thumb-printed consent was secured from illiterate women with a literate witness. A separate biological sample collection consent was obtained for collection blood and stool samples from the women. Women had right to withdrawal from the study at any time. Data were analyzed and presented anonymously.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u00a0The funders had no role in designing the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation of the findings, decision to publish, or manuscript writing. The data have been presented as a poster (#1581) at the 64th annual meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}