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Data on prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Madagascar are scant. Aim of this work was to estimate prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in four districts of Madagascar.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fecal and serum samples collected in the context of a previous study on schistosomiasis were tested with\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      real-time PCR and serology, respectively. A multiplex real-time PCR for\n                      <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Ancylostoma duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Necator americanus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                      was done on fecal samples collected in the areas demonstrating higher prevalence of strongyloidiasis. Comparisons between proportions were made using Fisher exact test, with false discovery rate correction used for post-hoc comparisons. A multivariable Firth logistic regression model was used to assess potential risk factors for\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 1775 serum samples were tested, of which 102 of 487 (20.9%) and 104 of 296 (35.2%) were serological-positive in Marovoay and in Vatomandry districts (both coastal areas), respectively, compared to 28 of 496 (5.6%) and 30 of 496 (6.1%) in Tsiroanomandidy and in Ambositra districts (both highlands), respectively (adj.\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). PCR for\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was positive in 15 of 210 (7.1%) and in 11 of 296 (3.7%) samples from Marovoay from Vatomandry, respectively, while was negative for all samples tested in the other two districts. High prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      (45.9%), hookworm (44.6%) and\n                      <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                      (32.1%) was found in Vatomandry. In the multivariable analysis, strongyloidiasis was associated with hookworm infection. Hookworm infection was also associated with male sex and lower education level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence proved higher in coastal areas compared to highlands. Different climatic conditions may explain this distribution, along with previous rounds of anthelminthics distributed in the country, which may have reduced the parasite load in the population. The high prevalence of the other soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in Vatomandry was unexpected, given the good coverage with benzimidazole in control campaigns. Further studies are needed to explore the risk factors for STH and\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in Madagascar, in order to align with the WHO recommendations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-024-00619-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T05:05:07Z","timestamp":1722229507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and other helminths in four districts of Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Scarso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rivo Andry","family":"Rakotoarivelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana Christina","family":"Hey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahinamandranto","family":"Rasamoelina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjarasoa Ravo","family":"Razafindrakoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaraniaina Tahiry","family":"Rasolojaona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nantenaina Mathieu","family":"Razafindralava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Remkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Njary","family":"Rakotozandrindrainy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara Fabienne","family":"Rasoamanamihaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert Georg","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Rakotozandrindrainy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Formenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Perandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Tamarozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0108-6822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Buonfrate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"619_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00033-23","volume":"36","author":"D Buonfrate","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buonfrate D, Bradbury RS, Watts MR, Bisoffi Z. 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N\u00b023-MSANP\/CERBM, 05\/03\/2018 and Ref. 177 MSANP\/SG\/AMM\/CERBM) and the Ethics Committee of the Hamburg State Medical Chamber in Germany (ref. no. PV7019-4419-BO-ff, 29\/10\/2019 and Ref. 2022-100793-BO-ff). All participants were informed about the aims of the study and its procedures in the local language (Malagasy). Study participation was voluntary and informed consent for the participation was obtained from the participant by signature or, in case of illiteracy, through a thumbprint in the presence of an independent witness.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"49"}}