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This study assesses the contribution of non-falciparum species to malaria severity in three regions of Senegal with the highest malaria incidence.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We analysed 617 blood samples obtained between 2015 and 2021 from confirmed malaria patients at health facilities in Kedougou, Kolda and Tambacounda in Senegal. <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species composition was determined by PCR and their distribution were analysed according to age and disease severity, and the relative risk of developing severe malaria.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Overall, 94.8% of samples contained <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> either as single or mixed with other species. Non-falciparum <jats:italic>P. ovale, P. vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic> species were detected in 60.12, 13.61 and 1.62% of samples, respectively. Severe malaria was primarily due to <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>, but co-infection with <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> led to a 1.63-fold significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05) increased risk of developing severe malaria, contrasting with the non-significant reduced risk (OR\u2009=\u20090.78; CI 95: 0.55\u20131.11; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.16) associated with <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic> infections. Children aged\u2009&lt;\u200915\u00a0years old significantly suffered of SM than adults patients, whereas no significant association was found in relation to patient\u2019 sex.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This study reports the first association of non-falciparum species infections with clinical malaria phenotypes in patients from the three most malaria-affected regions in Senegal. Non-falciparum <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> species in combination with <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> had a protective and worsening effect, respectively. The findings suggest that interventions targeting only <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> might not be sufficient to eliminate the overall malaria burden, and should take into account the neglected non-falciparum species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-024-00655-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T06:26:56Z","timestamp":1733293616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Variable effects of non-falciparum species infections on malaria disease severity in high transmission regions in Senegal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Aissatou","family":"Diagne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babacar Souleymane","family":"Sambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folly Mawulolo","family":"Gaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Sarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arona Sab\u00e8ne","family":"Diatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Sadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serigne Ousmane Mback\u00e9","family":"Diaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Ataume Mawounge","family":"Diatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babacar","family":"Diouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Vigan-Womas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babacar","family":"Mbengue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0810-4595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makhtar","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"655_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97(3):744\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0254.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-024-00655-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41182-024-00655-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-024-00655-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T07:09:42Z","timestamp":1733296182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41182-024-00655-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-024-00655-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1349-4147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1349-4147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study objectives, benefits and risks were explained in French language or local dialects to all participants before inclusion. Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants and from the parents, or legal guardians of children. The study was examined and approved by the Senegalese National Health Research Committee under the references 0081MSP\/DS\/CNRS and 00185 MSAS\/CNERS\/SP.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"93"}}